Flowering Plants and Vascular Structures

Apical meristem = Produces a slimy structure called the root cap to protect the root from abrasion Zone of elongation = Where the cells at the rear of the apical meristem acquire vacuoles and elongate, pushing the tip of the root forwards Root hairs = Produced by the cells on the outside of the root once fully elongates, to absorb water and minerals Zone of differentiation = Where the cells near the core of the root differentiate into xylem and phloem

Tap root = Carrots and parsnips Adventitious fibrous roots = Grass Adventitious roots = Ivy Radical = Gives rise to a tap root if it persists, otherwise adventitious fibrous roots arise

Anchorage = Prevents the plant from being blown over or washed away Uptake of minerals = Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil Tap root = A type of root that provides strong anchorage to the plant Adventitious roots = Roots that develop from any part of the plant that is not derived from the radicle

Stem = Holds the leaves and flowers in place Leaf = Primary function is photosynthesis Flower = Organ of sexual reproduction Root = Transports water and minerals upwards in a tissue called xylem

Terminal buds = Often called apical buds, found at the ends of stems and are responsible for elongation Axillary buds = Found in the axils of leaves, usually dormant but can grow into side stems or branches

Dermal Tissue = Protective outer covering of the plant Ground Tissue = Used for photosynthesis and storage of food and water Vascular Tissue = Complex and composed of xylem and phloem, responsible for transportation of water and nutrients

Xylem Vessels = Narrow, heavily lignified, and dead when mature, responsible for water transport Tracheids = Thickened with a polymer called lignin, which is both waterproof and strong

Xylem = Dead cells with tapered ends and perforations for water and mineral movement Phloem = Contains sieve tube cells and companion cells for food and hormone transport Apical Meristems = Responsible for growth in length of stems, shoots, and roots Lateral Meristems = Responsible for growth in width of stem, also known as cambium

Monocot = One seed leaf, strap-shaped leaves, parallel veins Dicot = Two seed leaves, broader irregular leaves, veins in different directions Herbaceous = Characteristic of most monocots, not woody Woody = Characteristic of both herbaceous and dicot species

Step 1 = Collect a herbaceous stem Step 4 = Wet the stem to lubricate the movement of the backed blade Step 8 = Place the thinly cut slices in water to keep the cells turgid Step 12 = Examine the slide at low power, focusing with the coarse focus knob

Sieve Tube Cells = Have no nucleus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and no large vacuoles Companion Cells = Have a nucleus and control the adjoining sieve tube element Apical Meristems = Found at the tips of shoots in the apical bud and in axillary buds Vascular Cambium = One of the types of cambium responsible for growth in width of stem

Tap root = Large and obvious, e.g., carrots and parsnips Adventitious fibrous roots = Arise from the base of the young stem, e.g., grass Root cap = Slimy structure that protects the apical meristem from abrasion Zone of elongation = Where cells at the rear of the apical meristem acquire vacuoles and elongate

Zone of elongation = Cells at the rear of the apical meristem acquire vacuoles and elongate Zone of differentiation = Cells near the core of the root differentiate into xylem and phloem Zone of maturation = Where cells mature Root hairs = Produced once the root is fully elongated, for absorption of water and minerals

Embryo = Consists of one or two cotyledons, a plumule, a radicle, and sometimes an endosperm Testa = Seed coat that surrounds the embryo Cotyledons = Seed leaves Endosperm = Can be present in the seed, provides nutrition to the developing embryo

Stem = Supports leaves and flowers, transports water, minerals, and food, and stores food Leaf = Performs photosynthesis, stores food, and excretes waste products Flower = Organ of sexual reproduction Root = Anchors the plant, absorbs water and minerals, and stores food

Terminal buds = Found at the ends of stems, responsible for elongation Axillary buds = Found in the axils of leaves, can grow into side stems or branches Apical buds = Another name for terminal buds Dormant buds = Usually axillary buds, can grow when far enough away from the terminal bud or if the terminal bud is removed

Dermal tissue = Protective outer covering of the plant, allows for gaseous exchange and transpiration Ground tissue = Photosynthesis, storage, protection, and support Vascular tissue = Transport of water, minerals, and food Xylem = Transport of water and minerals

Petiole = Stalk of the leaf Lamina = Flattened blade-like portion of the leaf Veins = Raised areas caused by the vascular bundles Axil = Angle formed between the petiole and the stem, location of the axillary bud

Xylem = Lignified cells that transport water and minerals up the stem Phloem = Contains sieve tube cells and companion cells that transport food and hormones Meristematic Tissue = Areas of rapid cell division to produce new tissue Lateral Meristems = Responsible for growth in width of stem

Apical Meristems = Found at the tips of shoots in the apical bud and in axillary buds Lateral Meristems = Responsible for growth in width of stem Vascular Cambium = Type of lateral meristem Cork Cambium = Type of lateral meristem

Sieve Tube Cells = Lack organelles, end in perforated sieve plates, and transport dissolved substances Companion Cells = Have a nucleus and control the adjoining sieve tube element Vascular Cambium = Type of meristematic tissue responsible for secondary growth Xylem = Contains lignified cells with tapered ends and pits for water movement

Monocot = Seed contains one seed leaf, strap-shaped leaves, and parallel leaf veins Dicot = Seed contains two seed leaves, broader leaves with veins spread out Herbaceous Species = Can be found in both monocots and dicots Vascular Bundle Arrangement = Scattered throughout the stem in monocots, arranged in a ring in dicots