Flow Chart of the Scientific Method Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following research methods with their primary purpose:

Qualitative Research = Exploratory and used when uncertain about the problem Quantitative Research = Conclusive and aims to quantify the problem Exploratory Research = Focuses on defining the problem and developing an approach Conclusive Research = Seeks projectable results to a larger population

Match the following data collection methods with the type of research they are commonly associated with:

Focus Groups, In-depth Interviews = Qualitative Research Surveys, Audits = Quantitative Research Uninterrupted Observation, Ethnographic Participation = Qualitative Research Points of Purchase Data, Trend Data = Quantitative Research

Match the following statements with the correct term:

Formally stated question intended to provide indications about an issue = Research Question Formal statement regarding the relationship between variables = Hypothesis Used when uncertain about the nature of the problem under investigation = Research Question Tested directly in research to explore relationships between variables = Hypothesis

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Probability Sampling = A sampling technique in which every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection. Nonprobability Sampling = A sampling technique in which units of the sample are selected on the basis of personal judgment or convenience. Descriptive Data Analysis = Involves the exploration, summary, and presentation of data to understand its key characteristics. Variable Types = Independent variables are systematically varied by the researcher; Dependent variables are observed. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical measures with their descriptions:

Mean = Calculates the average value of a dataset. Variance = Measures how spread out the values in a dataset are from the mean. Percentiles = Divides a dataset into 100 equal parts, indicating the percentage of observations below a certain value. Standard Deviation = Quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

Reliability vs. Validity = Reliability refers to consistency; Validity refers to accuracy. Both Valid and Reliable = Results are accurate and consistent. Not Valid but Reliable = Results are consistent but not accurate. Not Reliable but Valid = Results are accurate but not consistent. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following visualization techniques with their purpose:

Charts, Graphs, Histograms, Box Plots = Visual representations aid in understanding patterns, trends, and relationships in the data. Scatter Plots = Used to show relationships between two variables through individual data points. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical concepts with their definitions:

Significance Level = A critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test p-value = Probability value, or the observed or computed significance level Inferential Statistics = Provide environments for testing difference and relationship between variables Hypothesis Testing Procedure = Process of deriving specifically stated hypothesis from research objectives Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of statistical analysis with their descriptions:

Univariate Statistical Analysis = Tests hypotheses involving only one variable Bivariate Statistical Analysis = Tests hypotheses involving two variables Multivariate Statistical Analysis = Involves analysis of three or more variables or sets of variables Interpretation = Process of drawing inferences from analysis results Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Test for Difference = Examining if a significant difference exists between groups Tests for Relationship = Analyzing for a significant relationship between dependent and independent variables Hypothesis Testing Using Basic Statistics = Using statistical tests to evaluate hypotheses based on data Managerial Implications = Implications and decisions drawn from analysis results Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their definition:

Discrete Variable = Includes a finite set of values Continuous Variable = Takes on any value on a continuous scale Mode = The value that occurs most often in a distribution Median = The midpoint of the distribution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their characteristics:

Mean = Arithmetic average Median = Provides the middle value when numbers are arranged in order Mode = Characterizes the entire distribution with a single number Normal Distribution = Distribution where 68%, 95%, and 99% fall within specific ranges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their calculation method:

Mode Example = Find the score that occurs most frequently Median Example (Odd Number) = Arrange in descending order and find the midpoint Median Example (Even Number) = Arrange in descending order and find the average of two middle values Skewness = Refers to the concentration of scores around a particular point on the x-axis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their representation:

Frequency Polygon = Graph representing frequency distribution of test scores Central Tendency Statistics = Provide information about the grouping of numbers in a distribution Measures of Central Tendency = Identify characteristic numbers like mode, median, and mean for a distribution Variable Forms = Categorize variables as discrete or continuous based on their values Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their purpose:

Mode = Identifying the most frequent value in a dataset Median = Providing a robust measure of central tendency for skewed distributions Mean = Calculating an average value for a set of data points Central Tendency Statistics = Summarizing the center or average of a dataset Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their percentage relevance in a Normal Distribution:

68% = Scores falling within one standard deviation from the mean 95% = Scores falling within two standard deviations from the mean 99% = Scores falling within three standard deviations from the mean Skewness = Refers to how symmetrical or skewed a distribution is Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

Null Hypothesis (H0) = States there is no significant difference/relationship between groups Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) = States there is a significant difference/relationship between groups Significance Level = A critical probability indicating how likely an inference supporting a difference is true p-value = Probability value or observed significance level compared to significance levels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps in hypothesis testing with their descriptions:

Obtaining a sample and measuring the variable = First step in hypothesis testing procedure Comparing the measured sample value with hypothesis value = Determining if hypothesis is supported or not supported Stating hypotheses in Null form = Always stating the research hypotheses in a specific way Testing an educated guess = Object of experimental research to either reject or accept hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes with their implications in hypothesis testing:

Consistent sample value with hypothesis = Supports the hypothesis Inconsistent sample value with hypothesis = Does not support the hypothesis Significance Level as Type I error probability = Acceptable level for hypothesis testing Comparing p-values and significance levels = Testing hypotheses using computed significance levels Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Flow Chart of the Scientific Method

The scientific method involves a flow chart with diamond-shaped boxes indicating stages where a choice of techniques must be made, and a dotted line indicating an alternative path that skips exploratory research.

Types of Research

Qualitative Research: used to explore and define problems, develop an approach, and gather nuanced information; involves words, not numbers; common data collection methods include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic participation/observation.
Quantitative Research: used to quantify problems and understand prevalence; involves numbers; data collection methods include surveys, audits, and trend data.

Research Question and Hypothesis

Research Question: a formally stated question to provide indications about a problem; used when the researcher is unsure about the problem's nature.
Hypothesis: a formal statement regarding the relationship between variables; tested directly to determine validity.

Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling: every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection.
Nonprobability Sampling: units of the sample are selected based on personal judgment or convenience; the probability of any particular member being chosen is unknown.

Descriptive Data Analysis

Summary Statistics: calculate and examine statistics such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance to describe data characteristics.
Data Visualization: create visual representations of data using charts, graphs, and plots to understand patterns and trends.

Types and Forms of Variables

Independent Variable: systematically varied by the researcher.
Dependent Variable: observed and affected by the independent variable.
Variable Forms: discrete (finite set of values) and continuous (any value on a continuous scale).

Hypothesis Testing

Significance Level: a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test; indicates the likelihood of an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation.
p-value: the probability value or observed significance level; compared to significance levels to test hypotheses.

Interpretation and Inferential Statistics

Interpretation: the process of drawing inferences from analysis results; leads to managerial implications and decisions.
Inferential Statistics: provides two environments: test for difference and tests for relationship.

Central Tendency

Mean: the arithmetic average; calculates the typical score.
Median: the midpoint of the distribution; calculates the typical score.
Mode: the value that occurs most frequently; calculates the typical score.

Normal Distribution

68%: 68% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
95%: 95% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
99%: 99% of scores fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

Hypothesis Testing Procedure

H0 (Null Hypothesis): "there is no significant difference/relationship between groups."
Ha (Alternative Hypothesis): "there is a significant difference/relationship between groups."
Hypothesis Testing: involves testing a hypothesis to either reject or accept the null hypothesis.