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Questions and Answers
Match the following research methods with their primary purpose:
Qualitative Research = Exploratory and used when uncertain about the problem Quantitative Research = Conclusive and aims to quantify the problem Exploratory Research = Focuses on defining the problem and developing an approach Conclusive Research = Seeks projectable results to a larger population
Match the following data collection methods with the type of research they are commonly associated with:
Focus Groups, In-depth Interviews = Qualitative Research Surveys, Audits = Quantitative Research Uninterrupted Observation, Ethnographic Participation = Qualitative Research Points of Purchase Data, Trend Data = Quantitative Research
Match the following statements with the correct term:
Formally stated question intended to provide indications about an issue = Research Question Formal statement regarding the relationship between variables = Hypothesis Used when uncertain about the nature of the problem under investigation = Research Question Tested directly in research to explore relationships between variables = Hypothesis
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Match the following statistical measures with their descriptions:
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Match the following terms with their characteristics:
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Match the following visualization techniques with their purpose:
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Match the following statistical concepts with their definitions:
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Match the following types of statistical analysis with their descriptions:
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Match the following terms with their meanings:
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Match the following with their definition:
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Match the following with their characteristics:
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Match the following with their calculation method:
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Match the following with their representation:
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Match the following with their purpose:
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Match the following with their percentage relevance in a Normal Distribution:
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Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Match the following steps in hypothesis testing with their descriptions:
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Match the following outcomes with their implications in hypothesis testing:
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Study Notes
Flow Chart of the Scientific Method
- The scientific method involves a flow chart with diamond-shaped boxes indicating stages where a choice of techniques must be made, and a dotted line indicating an alternative path that skips exploratory research.
Types of Research
- Qualitative Research: used to explore and define problems, develop an approach, and gather nuanced information; involves words, not numbers; common data collection methods include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic participation/observation.
- Quantitative Research: used to quantify problems and understand prevalence; involves numbers; data collection methods include surveys, audits, and trend data.
Research Question and Hypothesis
- Research Question: a formally stated question to provide indications about a problem; used when the researcher is unsure about the problem's nature.
- Hypothesis: a formal statement regarding the relationship between variables; tested directly to determine validity.
Sampling Techniques
- Probability Sampling: every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection.
- Nonprobability Sampling: units of the sample are selected based on personal judgment or convenience; the probability of any particular member being chosen is unknown.
Descriptive Data Analysis
- Summary Statistics: calculate and examine statistics such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance to describe data characteristics.
- Data Visualization: create visual representations of data using charts, graphs, and plots to understand patterns and trends.
Types and Forms of Variables
- Independent Variable: systematically varied by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: observed and affected by the independent variable.
- Variable Forms: discrete (finite set of values) and continuous (any value on a continuous scale).
Hypothesis Testing
- Significance Level: a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test; indicates the likelihood of an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation.
- p-value: the probability value or observed significance level; compared to significance levels to test hypotheses.
Interpretation and Inferential Statistics
- Interpretation: the process of drawing inferences from analysis results; leads to managerial implications and decisions.
- Inferential Statistics: provides two environments: test for difference and tests for relationship.
Central Tendency
- Mean: the arithmetic average; calculates the typical score.
- Median: the midpoint of the distribution; calculates the typical score.
- Mode: the value that occurs most frequently; calculates the typical score.
Normal Distribution
- 68%: 68% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
- 95%: 95% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
- 99%: 99% of scores fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
Hypothesis Testing Procedure
- H0 (Null Hypothesis): "there is no significant difference/relationship between groups."
- Ha (Alternative Hypothesis): "there is a significant difference/relationship between groups."
- Hypothesis Testing: involves testing a hypothesis to either reject or accept the null hypothesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the flow chart of the scientific method, focusing on the different stages and decision points in the research process. Understand the use of diamond-shaped boxes, dotted lines, and the two basic types of research - Qualitative Research and exploratory research.