Florence Nightingale and Nursing History

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy (Nursing Theory), known as Nightingale's Environmental Theory, focusing on health maintenance and restoration by improving a patient's environment (ventilation, light, reduced noise, hygiene, and nutrition).
• She organized the first program for training nurses and was the first practicing epidemiologist, improving sanitation in battlefield hospitals.

American Nursing History

• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Lynde Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War.
• Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke) helped Dix in her efforts.
• Harriet Tubman was part of the Underground Railroad Movement.
• Mary Mahoney was the first educated African American nurse.
• Isabel Hampton Robb contributed to the ANA and American Journal of Nursing.
• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster opened the Henry Street Settlement.

Twentieth Century Nursing

• There was a movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge.
• Nurses assumed expanded roles, such as:
  • Mary Adelaide Nutting, who moved nursing education into universities in 1906.
  • Specialization began in the 1920s.
  • ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights in 1990.
  • University of Washington Medical Center became the first Magnet-designated organization in 1994.

Twenty-First Century Nursing

• Nurses are revising nursing practice and school curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society, including:
  • Aging population
  • Cultural diversity
  • Bioterrorism
  • Emerging infections
  • Disaster management

Contemporary Influences

• Importance of nurses' self-care
• Health care reform and costs
• Demographic changes
• Medically underserved populations

Trends in Nursing

• Evidence-based practice
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
• Impact of emerging technologies
• Genomics
• Public perception of nursing
• Impact of nursing on politics and health policy

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• Patient-centered care: recognizing the patient as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care.
• Teamwork and collaboration: functioning effectively within nursing and interprofessional teams.

ANA Standards of Professional Performance

• Ethics
• Advocacy
• Respectful and equitable practice
• Communication
• Collaboration
• Leadership
• Education
• Scholarly Inquiry
• Quality of practice
• Professional practice evaluation
• Resource Stewardship
• Environmental Evaluation

Professional Responsibilities and Roles

• Autonomy and accountability
• Caregiver
• Advocate
• Educator
• Communicator
• Manager

Career Development

• Clinician
• Advanced Practice Registered Nurses:
  • Clinical nurse specialist
  • Nurse practitioner
  • Certified nurse-midwife
  • Certified registered nurse anesthetist
• Nurse Educator
• Nurse Administrator
• Nurse Researcher