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Questions and Answers
What is the reduced MACH number for an aircraft flying at MACH 0.84 at FL 330, with a static air temperature of -48°C and a headwind component of 52 kt?
What is the reduced MACH number for an aircraft flying at MACH 0.84 at FL 330, with a static air temperature of -48°C and a headwind component of 52 kt?
- 0.76
- 0.78
- 0.80 (correct)
- 0.72
For a public transport aeroplane with reciprocating engines, what does the final reserve correspond to?
For a public transport aeroplane with reciprocating engines, what does the final reserve correspond to?
- 1 hour at holding speed
- 2 hours at cruise consumption
- 45 minutes at holding speed (correct)
- 30 minutes at holding speed
If a turbine engined aircraft burns fuel at 200 gals per hour and the fuel density changes to 0.75 from 0.8, what is the new fuel flow rate?
If a turbine engined aircraft burns fuel at 200 gals per hour and the fuel density changes to 0.75 from 0.8, what is the new fuel flow rate?
- 200 gph
- 188 gph
- 213 gph (correct)
- 208 gph
Given a true course of 017°, a wind vector of 340° at 30 kt, and a true air speed of 420 kt, what is the wind correction angle (WCA) and ground speed (GS)?
Given a true course of 017°, a wind vector of 340° at 30 kt, and a true air speed of 420 kt, what is the wind correction angle (WCA) and ground speed (GS)?
If it takes 36 minutes to reach cruising level covering 157 NM in zero-wind conditions, what would be the distance covered with a 60 kt average tailwind?
If it takes 36 minutes to reach cruising level covering 157 NM in zero-wind conditions, what would be the distance covered with a 60 kt average tailwind?
An aeroplane flies at an airspeed of 380 kt from point A to B and back, covering 480 NM with a headwind component of 60 kt. What is the total duration of the flight?
An aeroplane flies at an airspeed of 380 kt from point A to B and back, covering 480 NM with a headwind component of 60 kt. What is the total duration of the flight?
What must be considered when calculating the effective fuel consumption of an aircraft that has a variable fuel density?
What must be considered when calculating the effective fuel consumption of an aircraft that has a variable fuel density?
In terms of aviation fuel reserves, what is the importance of calculating final holding speed accurately?
In terms of aviation fuel reserves, what is the importance of calculating final holding speed accurately?
At departure, how much reserve fuel was available before consumption began?
At departure, how much reserve fuel was available before consumption began?
What will be the fuel burn at a density of 0.75 if the original burn is 220 l/h at a density of 0.80?
What will be the fuel burn at a density of 0.75 if the original burn is 220 l/h at a density of 0.80?
What is the average true course from A (64oN 006oE) to C (62oN 020oW)?
What is the average true course from A (64oN 006oE) to C (62oN 020oW)?
At what distance from the Manchester VOR should the pilot begin the descent?
At what distance from the Manchester VOR should the pilot begin the descent?
What is the initial true course from A (64oN 003oE) to C (62oN 020oW)?
What is the initial true course from A (64oN 003oE) to C (62oN 020oW)?
Where can a pilot find specific information about parking and landing fees at a French aerodrome?
Where can a pilot find specific information about parking and landing fees at a French aerodrome?
Which resource provides information about Customs and Health facilities?
Which resource provides information about Customs and Health facilities?
Considering the distances and wind components, which field will the aircraft reach more rapidly from point K (35oN – 048oW)?
Considering the distances and wind components, which field will the aircraft reach more rapidly from point K (35oN – 048oW)?
What is the still air distance for a sector distance of 450 NM with a TAS of 460 kt and a tailwind component of 50 kt?
What is the still air distance for a sector distance of 450 NM with a TAS of 460 kt and a tailwind component of 50 kt?
What is the flight time during the cruise from Aberdeen to Benbecula with a TAS of 170 kts?
What is the flight time during the cruise from Aberdeen to Benbecula with a TAS of 170 kts?
If the still air distance covered in the climb is 189 NAM and there is a headwind of 30 kt, what is the ground distance covered?
If the still air distance covered in the climb is 189 NAM and there is a headwind of 30 kt, what is the ground distance covered?
If the wind component from K to SANTA MARIA is 120 kt tailwind, what is the likely impact on flight time to SANTA MARIA?
If the wind component from K to SANTA MARIA is 120 kt tailwind, what is the likely impact on flight time to SANTA MARIA?
What factors influence the decision of the Captain regarding rerouting from point K?
What factors influence the decision of the Captain regarding rerouting from point K?
What would be the fuel burn if the density is reduced to 0.75 and the original burn is 200 kg/hr at a density of 0.8?
What would be the fuel burn if the density is reduced to 0.75 and the original burn is 200 kg/hr at a density of 0.8?
Which publication covers known unserviceability issues for VOR, TACAN, and NDB?
Which publication covers known unserviceability issues for VOR, TACAN, and NDB?
Where can one find dates and times when temporary danger areas are active?
Where can one find dates and times when temporary danger areas are active?
Which publication provides facilitation information regarding customs and health formalities?
Which publication provides facilitation information regarding customs and health formalities?
If an aircraft is maintaining a compass heading of 252°, variation is 22°E, deviation is 3°W, and the INS shows a drift of 9° to the right, what is the true track?
If an aircraft is maintaining a compass heading of 252°, variation is 22°E, deviation is 3°W, and the INS shows a drift of 9° to the right, what is the true track?
What is the total fuel consumption at position overhead ARD if fuel consumption during a turn is 20 litres and True Air Speed is 170 kts with a wind of 270°/40 kts?
What is the total fuel consumption at position overhead ARD if fuel consumption during a turn is 20 litres and True Air Speed is 170 kts with a wind of 270°/40 kts?
What is the average true course and distance from Shannon to Gander?
What is the average true course and distance from Shannon to Gander?
What will be the initial grid course from Keflavik to Vigra on a polar en-route chart if the initial great circle true course measures 084°?
What will be the initial grid course from Keflavik to Vigra on a polar en-route chart if the initial great circle true course measures 084°?
Which option represents the initial magnetic course from position C to position B?
Which option represents the initial magnetic course from position C to position B?
What is the initial true course from position C (62°N 020°W) to position B (58°N 004°E)?
What is the initial true course from position C (62°N 020°W) to position B (58°N 004°E)?
How far (in NM) is the distance from position C to position B?
How far (in NM) is the distance from position C to position B?
What is the average magnetic course from position A (64°N 006°E) to position C (62°N 020°W)?
What is the average magnetic course from position A (64°N 006°E) to position C (62°N 020°W)?
What will be the average true course from position C (62°N 020°W) to position B (58°N 004°E)?
What will be the average true course from position C (62°N 020°W) to position B (58°N 004°E)?
Under cold air advection conditions where ISA is -15°C, what is the true vertical separation between two flight levels?
Under cold air advection conditions where ISA is -15°C, what is the true vertical separation between two flight levels?
If the QNH at an airfield located 69 meters below sea level is 1018 hPa and the air temperature is 10°C higher than a standard atmosphere, what would the Quasi-Pressure at Flight (QFF) be?
If the QNH at an airfield located 69 meters below sea level is 1018 hPa and the air temperature is 10°C higher than a standard atmosphere, what would the Quasi-Pressure at Flight (QFF) be?
When flying through an air mass that is 10°C warmer than ISA and your altimeter is set to 1023 hPa, what altitude will the altimeter display when you have reached the minimum recommended altitude of 12000 feet?
When flying through an air mass that is 10°C warmer than ISA and your altimeter is set to 1023 hPa, what altitude will the altimeter display when you have reached the minimum recommended altitude of 12000 feet?
If the recommended minimum flight altitude for overflying a mountain range is 15000 ft and the air mass is 15°C warmer than the standard atmosphere, with the altimeter set to QNH of 1023 hPa, what reading will you effectively see on your altimeter?
If the recommended minimum flight altitude for overflying a mountain range is 15000 ft and the air mass is 15°C warmer than the standard atmosphere, with the altimeter set to QNH of 1023 hPa, what reading will you effectively see on your altimeter?
What is the definition of QNH?
What is the definition of QNH?
When determining appropriate flight altitudes across varying atmospheric conditions, which temperature variation from ISA leads to a decrease in vertical separation?
When determining appropriate flight altitudes across varying atmospheric conditions, which temperature variation from ISA leads to a decrease in vertical separation?
If conditions state that the air temperature is warmer than standard atmosphere, how does this affect the reading on an altimeter set to QNH?
If conditions state that the air temperature is warmer than standard atmosphere, how does this affect the reading on an altimeter set to QNH?
What is a probable reason for the constant decrease in true altitude during a flight from Marseille to Palma de Mallorca?
What is a probable reason for the constant decrease in true altitude during a flight from Marseille to Palma de Mallorca?
Which value must the altimeter read when set to 1013.2 hPa at a true altitude of 15000 ft with air 15°C colder than ISA?
Which value must the altimeter read when set to 1013.2 hPa at a true altitude of 15000 ft with air 15°C colder than ISA?
How does a QNH value change affect the terrain clearance over point B?
How does a QNH value change affect the terrain clearance over point B?
What must be corrected in barometric readings of pressure?
What must be corrected in barometric readings of pressure?
What will be the indication of an altimeter set to 984 hPa at elevation 850 ft when flying from X to Y?
What will be the indication of an altimeter set to 984 hPa at elevation 850 ft when flying from X to Y?
In the scenario where an aircraft is cleared to 3000 ft QNH from flight level 40, which statement is true?
In the scenario where an aircraft is cleared to 3000 ft QNH from flight level 40, which statement is true?
What is the likely QNH value at a position where an aircraft has a radio altimeter reading of 1860 ft when flying at FL 45?
What is the likely QNH value at a position where an aircraft has a radio altimeter reading of 1860 ft when flying at FL 45?
When observing a flight from Point A to Point B on a contour chart, which statement about true altitude is accurate?
When observing a flight from Point A to Point B on a contour chart, which statement about true altitude is accurate?
What occurs if an aircraft flies from a region of higher QNH to lower QNH while maintaining the same indicated altitude?
What occurs if an aircraft flies from a region of higher QNH to lower QNH while maintaining the same indicated altitude?
Under which temperature and pressure conditions can you assume that the minimum usable flight level aligns with the minimum safe altitude?
Under which temperature and pressure conditions can you assume that the minimum usable flight level aligns with the minimum safe altitude?
When will the QNH equal the QFE?
When will the QNH equal the QFE?
If the QNH of an airport at sea level is 983 hPa and the temperature is -15°C below ISA, what is the true altitude at FL 100?
If the QNH of an airport at sea level is 983 hPa and the temperature is -15°C below ISA, what is the true altitude at FL 100?
What will the altimeter reading be when landing at an elevation of 290 feet with a QNH of 1023 hPa, knowing the barometric compensator is set to 1013.2 hPa?
What will the altimeter reading be when landing at an elevation of 290 feet with a QNH of 1023 hPa, knowing the barometric compensator is set to 1013.2 hPa?
While flying at FL 90 with a true altitude of 9100 feet, what assumption can be made about the air mass, if the local QNH is unknown?
While flying at FL 90 with a true altitude of 9100 feet, what assumption can be made about the air mass, if the local QNH is unknown?
During a flight in cold winter conditions over the Alps with a regional QNH of 1013 hPa, what will the altimeter reading indicate compared to the mountain summit's elevation?
During a flight in cold winter conditions over the Alps with a regional QNH of 1013 hPa, what will the altimeter reading indicate compared to the mountain summit's elevation?
In high pressure conditions during summer, if an aircraft passes over a mountain summit at its altitude, what will the altimeter indicate?
In high pressure conditions during summer, if an aircraft passes over a mountain summit at its altitude, what will the altimeter indicate?
If the QFF at an airfield is 1016 hPa and the air temperature is 10°C lower than the standard atmosphere, what is the QNH likely to be?
If the QFF at an airfield is 1016 hPa and the air temperature is 10°C lower than the standard atmosphere, what is the QNH likely to be?
To convert QFE to QNH, what information must be known?
To convert QFE to QNH, what information must be known?
After landing at an aerodrome with an elevation of 1715 ft, and the altimeter indicates 1310 ft with a pressure setting of 1013 hPa, what is the QNH at this aerodrome?
After landing at an aerodrome with an elevation of 1715 ft, and the altimeter indicates 1310 ft with a pressure setting of 1013 hPa, what is the QNH at this aerodrome?
What is the height of the aircraft above the surface when the altimeter sub-scale setting is 986 hPa and the indicated altitude is 7500 ft?
What is the height of the aircraft above the surface when the altimeter sub-scale setting is 986 hPa and the indicated altitude is 7500 ft?
When an aircraft indicates an altitude of 5500 ft and the altimeter is set at 968 hPa, how high is it above the surface if point A is 1050 ft AMSL and point B is 650 ft AMSL?
When an aircraft indicates an altitude of 5500 ft and the altimeter is set at 968 hPa, how high is it above the surface if point A is 1050 ft AMSL and point B is 650 ft AMSL?
What is the true height of the aircraft above the surface when it maintains an indicated altitude of 6500 ft with an altimeter setting of 1012 hPa?
What is the true height of the aircraft above the surface when it maintains an indicated altitude of 6500 ft with an altimeter setting of 1012 hPa?
If an aircraft flies at an indicated altitude of 7500 ft and the altimeter setting remains at 1021 hPa, what is its height above the surface given point A is at 270 ft AMSL and point B is at 1650 ft AMSL?
If an aircraft flies at an indicated altitude of 7500 ft and the altimeter setting remains at 1021 hPa, what is its height above the surface given point A is at 270 ft AMSL and point B is at 1650 ft AMSL?
What is the true height of the aircraft above the aerodrome if the altimeter is set at 1013.2 hPa and indicates 5000 ft, considering a QFE of 958 hPa?
What is the true height of the aircraft above the aerodrome if the altimeter is set at 1013.2 hPa and indicates 5000 ft, considering a QFE of 958 hPa?
What altitude should be applied when calculating the height of an aircraft indicating 5500 ft but flying from a location with QNH 968 hPa?
What altitude should be applied when calculating the height of an aircraft indicating 5500 ft but flying from a location with QNH 968 hPa?
If the altimeter setting is changed from 1016 hPa to 1012 hPa while an aircraft is flying at 6500 ft, how does this affect its height above the surface?
If the altimeter setting is changed from 1016 hPa to 1012 hPa while an aircraft is flying at 6500 ft, how does this affect its height above the surface?
When adjusting from a QNH of 1016 hPa to 975 hPa while maintaining 5000 ft indicated altitude, what should be the new height above ground level?
When adjusting from a QNH of 1016 hPa to 975 hPa while maintaining 5000 ft indicated altitude, what should be the new height above ground level?
What indicates that an aircraft is flying in an air mass that is colder than the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)?
What indicates that an aircraft is flying in an air mass that is colder than the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)?
What can be inferred about the air mass if an aircraft experiences no change in true altitude while flying from Marseille to Palma de Mallorca with the same QNH?
What can be inferred about the air mass if an aircraft experiences no change in true altitude while flying from Marseille to Palma de Mallorca with the same QNH?
Which atmospheric conditions lead to a potentially dangerous situation when flying over mountainous terrain?
Which atmospheric conditions lead to a potentially dangerous situation when flying over mountainous terrain?
What effect does adjusting an altimeter to a lower QNH have on indicated altitude?
What effect does adjusting an altimeter to a lower QNH have on indicated altitude?
If an aircraft's false altitude reading is influenced by temperature fluctuations, what could be a contributing factor?
If an aircraft's false altitude reading is influenced by temperature fluctuations, what could be a contributing factor?
If the QFE at an airfield is lower than the QNH, what does this imply about the elevation of that airfield?
If the QFE at an airfield is lower than the QNH, what does this imply about the elevation of that airfield?
What is the estimated true altitude when flying at an indicated altitude of 3600 ft with the QNH adjusted to 991 hPa?
What is the estimated true altitude when flying at an indicated altitude of 3600 ft with the QNH adjusted to 991 hPa?
If the QFE at a location is significantly higher than at sea level, what can be inferred about the specific location?
If the QFE at a location is significantly higher than at sea level, what can be inferred about the specific location?
During a flight, what evidence suggests that the local air temperature is below ISA?
During a flight, what evidence suggests that the local air temperature is below ISA?
What does a constant increase in true altitude without changes in QNH suggest during a flight?
What does a constant increase in true altitude without changes in QNH suggest during a flight?
Study Notes
Flight Planning and Navigation Principles
- Aircraft flying at MACH 0.84 at FL 330 with a static air temperature of -48°C and a headwind component of 52 knots needs reduced MACH number for specific crossing times.
- Public transport aeroplanes require a final reserve of fuel based on holding speeds, equating to 45 minutes for reciprocating engines.
- Fuel consumption calculations are critical; for a turbine engine consuming 200 gallons per hour with different fuel densities, the flow adjusts based on density variations.
- Wind correction angle (WCA) and ground speed (GS) are essential for accurate navigation calculations in flight planning.
Fuel Management
- Flight planning includes reserve fuel considerations; the remaining fuel mid-flight determines if reserves can be maintained.
- When changing fuel density, fuel burn rates can significantly shift; for example, a drop in density from 0.80 to 0.75 increases fuel burn.
- The standard reserve fuel at an aerodrome balances trip fuel, contingency, and alternate fuel needs.
Descent and Arrival Procedures
- Calculating descent distances is vital, particularly for maintaining a specific altitude; descent rate and TAS dictate how early to initiate descent.
- Information from aeronautical publications (AIP) provides details on customs, health facilities, and aerodrome-specific operational requirements.
Course Calculations
- True courses and magnetic courses require adjustments for factors like variation and deviation.
- Distance calculations between geographical points involve understanding true air speed, wind effects, and actual course readings.
Emergency and Alternate Flight Planning
- In-flight emergencies necessitate quick analysis of alternate routes and time to reach potential landing sites, factoring wind components and distances.
- Knowledge of search and rescue procedures, including necessary organisations, is crucial during flight planning.
Practical Application and Regulations
- Regulatory documentation can indicate temporary danger areas, known unserviceability, and practical details like parking and landing fees.
- Understanding navigational log concepts and adjustments for wind during aircraft turns affects overall fuel consumption calculations.
Aerodrome and Flight Duration Details
- Climbing and descending times correlate to operational weight and conditions; fuel and distance covered should align with expected performance metrics.
- Acquaintance with navigation aids such as VOR, TACAN, and the significance of NOTAMs ensures awareness of airspace changes and updates.
Final Considerations
- Planning requires a comprehensive understanding of flight parameters, equipment limits, regulatory requirements, and real-time adjustments for successful navigation and operation.
Vertical Separation and True Altitude
- Standard vertical separation between Flight Levels (FL) is 1000 ft. Under cold air advection conditions (ISA -15ºC), true vertical separation becomes less than 1000 ft.
- If QNH is 1018 hPa at an airfield 69 meters below sea level with an air temperature 10ºC above standard conditions, the QFF is more than 1018 hPa.
Flight Planning with Temperature Deviations
- Recommended minimum altitude for flying across a mountain range is 12000 ft AMSL, with an average temperature 10ºC warmer than ISA resulting in an altimeter reading of 11520 ft.
- For flight over another mountain range at a minimum altitude of 15000 ft and average temperature 15ºC warmer than standard, the altimeter shows 14100 ft when set to QNH 1023 hPa.
Definitions and Calculations
- QNH is defined as QFE reduced to MSL using standard atmospheric conditions.
- To determine minimum usable flight level corresponding to minimum safe altitude, the highest value of QNH and the highest negative temperature deviation from ISA are required.
Altimeter Readings and Atmospheric Conditions
- QNH equals QFE when local elevation is 0 ft.
- For a QNH of 983 hPa and -15ºC temperature deviation below FL 100, true altitude at FL 100 is found to be 8640 ft.
- If barometric compensator is locked at 1013.2 hPa and aircraft lands at 290 ft elevation with a local QNH of 1023 hPa, the altimeter indicates 20 ft on the ground.
True Altitude Relationships
- An aircraft's true altitude is constant while flying at FL 90 over the sea where local QNH is unknown, making it impossible to deduce the temperature of the air mass.
- If flying through cold conditions while circling a mountain summit, the altimeter will read higher than the summit elevation.
Impact of Temperature and QNH Variations
- During warm conditions, flying over a mountain can result in the altimeter showing lower than the summit elevation due to temperature increases.
- QNH adjustments based on different field elevations and temperature conditions can lead to calculated heights above ground level during flights.
Pressure Corrections and Height Estimations
- Adjustments must be made for errors in barometric readings due to instrument discrepancies, temperature variances, and gravity influences.
- Calculating altitude change requires knowledge of air pressure, as demonstrated in examples where aircraft altitude changes from one airfield QNH to another.
Summary of QNH and QFE Relationships
- Variation in local QNH and temperature can substantially alter perceived aircraft altitude, necessitating careful consideration during flights to ensure altitude safety.
- Performing accurate calculations and adjustments based on local conditions is crucial for maintaining proper altitude and avoiding hazards during flight.
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Description
Test your knowledge on flight planning and navigation principles, including fuel consumption, MACH numbers, and aerodynamics. This quiz covers essential concepts for aircraft operating at higher altitudes. Perfect for aviation students and professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of flight dynamics.