Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of people agreed with the statement 'Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so we can review and interpret them later'?
What percentage of people agreed with the statement 'Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so we can review and interpret them later'?
What percentage of people agreed with the statement 'Once you have experienced an event and formed a memory of it, that memory does not change'?
What percentage of people agreed with the statement 'Once you have experienced an event and formed a memory of it, that memory does not change'?
What is the term used to describe memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components?
What is the term used to describe memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components?
What components does Autobiographical Memory (AM) consist of?
What components does Autobiographical Memory (AM) consist of?
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What did Cabeza and coworkers compare in their study?
What did Cabeza and coworkers compare in their study?
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What did the participants in Cabeza's study view in the second phase?
What did the participants in Cabeza's study view in the second phase?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where attention can be narrowed by specific stimuli, such as a weapon, leading to lower memory?
What is the term for the phenomenon where attention can be narrowed by specific stimuli, such as a weapon, leading to lower memory?
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Who conducted the study that demonstrated errors in eyewitness testimony due to familiarity, known as source monitoring?
Who conducted the study that demonstrated errors in eyewitness testimony due to familiarity, known as source monitoring?
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What is the term for the effect where post-identification feedback can increase witnesses' confidence, influencing jurors and posing a problem for the criminal justice system?
What is the term for the effect where post-identification feedback can increase witnesses' confidence, influencing jurors and posing a problem for the criminal justice system?
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What technique helps witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene, by having them place themselves back in the scene to remember the scene more accurately?
What technique helps witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene, by having them place themselves back in the scene to remember the scene more accurately?
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What is the term used to describe the power of sensory experience to elicit autobiographical memories, often accompanied by feelings of nostalgia and experienced as being involuntary?
What is the term used to describe the power of sensory experience to elicit autobiographical memories, often accompanied by feelings of nostalgia and experienced as being involuntary?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where music can activate memories of Alzheimer’s Disease patients, as demonstrated in the documentary 'Alive Inside'?
What is the term for the phenomenon where music can activate memories of Alzheimer’s Disease patients, as demonstrated in the documentary 'Alive Inside'?
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What is the term for unconscious plagiarism due to lack of recognition of original source?
What is the term for unconscious plagiarism due to lack of recognition of original source?
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What is the process of determining the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs called?
What is the process of determining the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs called?
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What can introducing misleading postevent information affect?
What can introducing misleading postevent information affect?
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What is the term for the process of more recent learning interfering with memory for something in the past?
What is the term for the process of more recent learning interfering with memory for something in the past?
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What is the term for the misleading information presented after an event that can change how the event is described later?
What is the term for the misleading information presented after an event that can change how the event is described later?
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What did the Wells & Bradfield (1998) study demonstrate about eyewitness testimony?
What did the Wells & Bradfield (1998) study demonstrate about eyewitness testimony?
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Which theory of flashbulb memories does not hold, as memories about flashbulb events change over time, suggesting inaccuracy?
Which theory of flashbulb memories does not hold, as memories about flashbulb events change over time, suggesting inaccuracy?
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What did Bartlett's
What did Bartlett's
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What did Brewer & Treyens' study demonstrate about memory?
What did Brewer & Treyens' study demonstrate about memory?
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What did Bower et al.'s study demonstrate about memory?
What did Bower et al.'s study demonstrate about memory?
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What role do inferences and schemas play in memory construction?
What role do inferences and schemas play in memory construction?
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What can affect flashbulb memories, potentially introducing errors and influencing the constructive nature of memory?
What can affect flashbulb memories, potentially introducing errors and influencing the constructive nature of memory?
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What brain structure is more activated when recalling own-photos in autobiographical memory?
What brain structure is more activated when recalling own-photos in autobiographical memory?
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What is the cultural life-script hypothesis related to the reminiscence bump?
What is the cultural life-script hypothesis related to the reminiscence bump?
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What is the cognitive hypothesis related to the reminiscence bump?
What is the cognitive hypothesis related to the reminiscence bump?
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What does the presence of a weapon during a crime scene result in, according to the text?
What does the presence of a weapon during a crime scene result in, according to the text?
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What is the characteristic of flashbulb memories, as described in the text?
What is the characteristic of flashbulb memories, as described in the text?
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What brain structure has higher activity when recalling emotional words, according to fMRI experiments?
What brain structure has higher activity when recalling emotional words, according to fMRI experiments?
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What is the term for highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed memories of shocking, important events?
What is the term for highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed memories of shocking, important events?
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Which brain structure is activated more by own-photos, demonstrating the richness of autobiographical memories?
Which brain structure is activated more by own-photos, demonstrating the richness of autobiographical memories?
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What is the term for the enhanced memory for events between 10 and 30 years of age experienced by participants over the age of 40?
What is the term for the enhanced memory for events between 10 and 30 years of age experienced by participants over the age of 40?
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What hypothesis suggests that personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script?
What hypothesis suggests that personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script?
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What does the reminiscence bump may occur due to?
What does the reminiscence bump may occur due to?
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What does emotion help with, as emotionally arousing events are remembered more easily and vividly?
What does emotion help with, as emotionally arousing events are remembered more easily and vividly?
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Study Notes
Flashbulb Memories and the Constructive Nature of Memory
- Flashbulb memories are highly emotional and remembered for long periods of time with vivid and detailed recollection.
- Brown and Kulik's procedure for studying flashbulb memories was flawed as they didn't verify the accuracy of memories immediately after the event.
- The "Now Print" theory of flashbulb memories does not hold, as memories about flashbulb events change over time, suggesting inaccuracy.
- People's confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories remains high over time, but in reality, there is no difference in accuracy between flashbulb and regular memories.
- The special nature of flashbulb memories may be due to the emotional impact, which enhances subjective memory but may decrease memory for details.
- Rehearsal and media coverage can affect flashbulb memories, potentially introducing errors and influencing the constructive nature of memory.
- Memory is constructed based on what actually happened and influenced by knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
- Bartlett's "war of the ghosts" experiment demonstrated how memory undergoes change over time, incorporating knowledge and experiences.
- Memory can be influenced by pragmatic inferences and schemas, which are developed through experiences in different situations.
- Schema knowledge can lead to false memories, as shown in Brewer & Treyens' study where participants indicated the presence of books in an office when there were none.
- Scripts, conceptions of sequences of actions, can also influence memory, as seen in Bower et al.'s study on scripts for experiences like going to a restaurant or playing tennis.
- Inferences and schemas play a role in memory construction, and memory can be influenced by implied information consistent with the to-be-remembered information.
Memory and Emotion in Autobiographical Memory
- Both types of photos activated similar brain structures, including the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) and Parietal Cortex.
- Own-photos activated more of the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus, demonstrating the richness of autobiographical memories.
- Significant events in a person’s life, like the first date or the birth of a child, are remembered well.
- Participants over the age of 40 experienced a "reminiscence bump," with enhanced memory for events between 10 and 30 years of age.
- The reminiscence bump may occur due to the development of self-identity and rapid changes during adolescence and young adulthood.
- Another explanation for the reminiscence bump is that encoding is better during periods of rapid change followed by stability.
- The cultural life-script hypothesis suggests that personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script.
- Emotion helps with memory, as emotionally arousing events are remembered more easily and vividly.
- Emotion improves memory consolidation, supported by evidence from animal and human research.
- Emotions can also impair memory, as they can cause a focus of attention on important objects and draw attention away from others.
- Flashbulb memories are highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed memories of shocking, important events, such as 9/11 or the Kennedy assassination.
- Brown and Kulik's study on President Kennedy's assassination demonstrated how emotional events can create flashbulb memories.
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Description
Test your knowledge of flashbulb memories and the constructive nature of memory with this quiz. Explore the accuracy and details of flashbulb memories, the impact of emotional events, and the influence of rehearsal, media coverage, and schemas on memory construction. Dive into key experiments and theories that shed light on memory's malleable nature.
