Flammable Materials and Fire Suppression
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Questions and Answers

What is the flash point threshold for a liquid to be classified as flammable?

  • Below 73°F (22.8°C) (correct)
  • At or below 60°F (15.6°C)
  • Below 37.8°F (3.2°C)
  • At or above 100°F (37.8°C)

Which class of flammable liquid has a flash point below 73°F and a boiling point at or above 100°F?

  • Class IA
  • Class II
  • Class IC
  • Class IB (correct)

What class of combustible liquid has a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C)?

  • Class II
  • Class IIIB (correct)
  • Class IIIA
  • Class IC

Which of the following defines a combustible liquid according to the Department of Transportation (DOT)?

<p>Flash point above 60°C and below 93°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the EPA, which of the following criteria determines if waste is hazardous due to ignitability?

<p>Flash point less than or equal to 60°C (140°F) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of liquids has a flash point at or above 140°F but below 200°F?

<p>Class IIIA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate term used by the EPA in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act to refer to ignitable solids?

<p>Ignitable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a flash point below 73°F (22.8°C) classify a liquid as?

<p>Class IA Flammable Liquid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a flammable solid according to OSHA?

<p>A solid that is a readily combustible solid or may cause fire through friction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the flash point of a liquid?

<p>The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does NFPA 400 consider a solid to be flammable?

<p>Below 212°F (100°C) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines flammable gas according to DOT?

<p>A gas that is ignitable at 101.3 kPa when mixed with air in a volume of 13 percent or less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which flash point category includes liquids with a flash point below 23°C and an initial boiling point below or equal to 35°C?

<p>Category 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pyrophoric materials?

<p>They can ignite within five minutes after contact with air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to OSHA, how is a Category 3 flammable liquid defined?

<p>Flash point ≥ 23°C and ≤ 60°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the GHS and OSHA classification systems?

<p>GHS equates lower category numbers with higher hazard levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials would be classified as a pyrophoric material?

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for defining flammability and combustibility in regulatory frameworks?

<p>Closed-cup flash point measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a self-heating material according to DOT?

<p>A material that generates heat through a reaction with oxygen that may lead to ignition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hazard class does DOT assign to flammable solids?

<p>Class 4 hazard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of halons contributes to their replacement by ozone-friendly materials?

<p>Their reaction with free radicals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition must a flammable gas meet according to OSHA?

<p>It must have a flammable range with air at 20 °C (68 °F) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options describes regulatory variations in the classification of flammable materials?

<p>Criteria for flammability classifications differ widely among organizations and regulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature between Category 1 and Category 4 flammable liquids under GHS regulations?

<p>Category 1 has a lower flash point compared to Category 4. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower flammability limit (LFL)?

<p>The lowest concentration of a substance in air that can ignite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the flammability limits of materials?

<p>To assess risks of fire or explosion in various environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high vapor pressure indicate about a substance?

<p>It is highly volatile and can lead to ignition risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vapor density and why is it important?

<p>It indicates how vapors may accumulate based on their weight relative to air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a specific gravity of less than 1 indicate about a liquid?

<p>It floats on water, making extinguishing difficult. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoignition temperature?

<p>The temperature at which a substance ignites spontaneously without external ignition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does knowledge of flammability limits aid in fire safety?

<p>It helps in monitoring vapor concentrations in confined spaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances would likely have a vapor density greater than 1?

<p>Propane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a flammable substance?

<p>A vapor or gas that ignites easily and burns rapidly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth component of the fire tetrahedron?

<p>Ignition or chemical reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can removing fuel prevent a fire?

<p>By starving the fire of necessary materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method effectively interrupts the chemical reaction that sustains combustion?

<p>Dry chemical powders or halons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do PFAS play in firefighting foam?

<p>Create a film that smothers flames (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when free radicals are removed during combustion?

<p>The chain reaction is interrupted and fire is extinguished (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fire tetrahedron differs from the fire triangle by including which additional component?

<p>Ignition source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is known for interrupting the combustion process by disrupting the chemical chain reaction?

<p>Halon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Flammable Substance

A material that ignites easily and burns rapidly when exposed to an ignition source. Examples include gasoline, alcohol, and natural gas.

Combustible Substance

A material that is more difficult to ignite than a flammable substance, but still burns rapidly once ignited. Examples include wood, paper, and cloth.

Fire Triangle

A model that shows the three essential elements needed for fire: fuel, oxygen, and heat.

Fire Tetrahedron

An updated model that expands upon the Fire Triangle by adding a fourth element: a chemical chain reaction.

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Chemical Chain Reaction

A series of chemical reactions that continuously generate heat and sustain a fire.

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Fire Suppression Strategies

Methods to prevent or extinguish fire by disrupting one or more elements of the fire tetrahedron.

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PFAS in Firefighting

A type of surfactant used in firefighting foams that smothers flames by cutting off oxygen access.

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Halon Fire Extinguishers

Chemicals that disrupt the chemical chain reaction sustaining combustion, effectively stopping the fire.

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Flammable Liquid

A liquid with a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C). It ignites easily and burns readily.

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Flash Point

The lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough flammable vapor to ignite in air.

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Class IA Flammable Liquid

A liquid with a flash point below 73°F (22.8°C) and boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C).

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Class IB Flammable Liquid

A liquid with a flash point below 73°F (22.8°C) and boiling point above 100°F (37.8°C).

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Class IC Flammable Liquid

A liquid with a flash point at or above 73°F (22.8°C) but below 100°F (37.8°C).

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Combustible Liquid

A liquid that has a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C), meaning it is less likely to catch fire.

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DOT Class 3

A liquid with a flash point of not more than 60 °C (140 °F), defined as a flammable liquid for shipping purposes by the Department of Transportation.

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Ignitable Waste

A solid that can cause fire through friction, moisture, or spontaneous reactions.

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Open-Cup Flash Point

A test method for determining the flash point of a liquid where the sample is exposed to air in an open container.

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Closed-Cup Flash Point

A test method for determining the flash point of a liquid where the sample is contained in a closed container.

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OSHA Flammable Liquid Categories

OSHA classifies flammable liquids into four categories based on flash point and boiling point.

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GHS Flammable Liquid Categories

The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classifies flammable liquids into categories based on their hazard level, with Category 1 being the most hazardous.

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NFPA 704 Flammable Liquid Categories

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) uses a different classification system for flammability, using Category 1 for the least hazardous.

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Flammability Limits

The range of fuel/air mixtures that will burn when ignited. It's defined by the upper flammability limit (UFL) and lower flammability limit (LFL).

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Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)

The minimum concentration of a flammable substance in air required for ignition.

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Upper Flammability Limit (UFL)

The maximum concentration of a flammable substance in air that can sustain combustion.

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Vapor Pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase at a given temperature. It indicates how easily a substance evaporates.

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Specific Gravity

The ratio of a liquid's density to water (water has a specific gravity of 1).

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Autoignition Temperature

The minimum temperature at which a substance ignites spontaneously without an external ignition source.

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Flammable Solid

A solid that can easily ignite, causing a fire, especially with friction, or is a powder/granule/paste that ignites quickly with brief contact to a source.

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Readily Combustible Solid

A solid that ignites quickly with brief contact to a source, like a match, and the flame spreads rapidly.

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Flammable Gas

A gas that can ignite when mixed with air under specific conditions. It must have a range of flammability at room temperature and standard pressure.

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Pyrophoric Material

A liquid or solid that ignites within five minutes after contact with air, even in small amounts.

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What are some examples of Pyrophoric Materials?

Examples include alkali metals like lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, as well as finely divided powdered metals like aluminum or magnesium.

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Self-Heating Material

Produces heat through a reaction with oxygen (in air) which can lead to self-ignition and combustion.

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What is a common example of a self-heating material that can lead to combustion?

Oxidizing oils, like linseed or tung oil, can oxidize and generate heat when applied to cloth, especially when conditions are right, leading to self-heating.

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What is the DOT's definition of a flammable solid?

A solid substance that can easily ignite due to friction or retained heat from manufacturing. It also ignites at a relatively low temperature (below 212°F) and burns intensely.

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Study Notes

Flammable Materials

  • Flammable substances ignite easily, rapidly burning or combusting when exposed to an ignition source.
  • Combustible substances are harder to ignite but still burn readily when ignited.
  • Combustion requires four components: fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chemical reaction.
  • The fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, heat) is an outdated model.
  • The fire tetrahedron (fuel, oxygen, heat, chemical reaction) describes modern understanding of fire.

Fire Suppression Strategies

  • Removing fuel prevents the fire from consuming further resources.
  • Reducing heat lowers the temperature below the ignition point.
  • Limiting oxygen prevents the fire from burning.
  • Interrupting the chain reaction, using agents like dry chemical powders or halons, stops the fire.

Flammable Liquids

  • Flash point is the minimum temperature for a liquid to produce ignitable vapors.
  • Open-cup and closed-cup methods measure flash points.
  • OSHA categorizes flammable liquids based on flash and boiling points.
  • Lower category numbers indicate higher hazard.

Classifications of Flammable Liquids

  • NFPA 30 classifies flammable liquids based on flash point and boiling point into classes IA, IB, IC.
  • Combustible liquids have flash points above 100°F (37.8°C) and are further divided into classes (II, IIIA, IIIB).

Flammable Solids

  • OSHA defines a flammable solid as a readily combustible solid that ignites easily from friction or retained heat.
  • They are particularly hazardous due to rapid ignition and spread.

Pyrophoric Materials

  • Pyrophoric materials ignite spontaneously in contact with air.
  • Self-heating materials generate sufficient heat to ignite without external sources.

Other Important Factors

  • Lower and Upper Flammability Limits (LFL, UFL): The concentration range of a flammable gas in air that will burn when ignited. LFL is the minimum concentration for ignition, UFL is the maximum for ignition to continue.
  • Vapor Pressure: Measure of a substance's tendency to vaporize at a given temperature. High vapor pressure materials risk igniting easily.
  • Vapor Density: Comparison of a vapor's weight to an equal volume of air. Vapors with density more than 1 sink and can accumulate igniting easily.
  • Autoignition Temperature: Lowest temperature needed for a substance to self-ignite without an external ignition source. Low autoignition temperatures mean the risk is higher.

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Flammable Materials PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on flammable materials and effective fire suppression strategies. This quiz covers the characteristics of combustible substances, the fire tetrahedron, and how to control fires safely. Dive into important concepts like flash points and the methods for measuring them.

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