Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which ethical framework posits that morality is fundamentally rooted in universally applicable, rational principles that respect individuals as ends in themselves?
Which ethical framework posits that morality is fundamentally rooted in universally applicable, rational principles that respect individuals as ends in themselves?
- Virtue Ethics
- Ethics of Care
- Utilitarianism
- Deontological Ethics (correct)
According to Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, what is 'eudaimonia' and how is it achieved?
According to Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, what is 'eudaimonia' and how is it achieved?
- The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain, achieved through hedonistic practices.
- The fulfillment of duties and adherence to universal moral laws, achieved through rational deliberation.
- The maximization of happiness for the greatest number of people, achieved through consequentialist actions.
- A state of flourishing and living well, achieved through the habitual practice of virtues. (correct)
James Rachels was a proponent of cultural relativism, arguing that moral truths are entirely dependent on cultural norms and beliefs.
James Rachels was a proponent of cultural relativism, arguing that moral truths are entirely dependent on cultural norms and beliefs.
False (B)
In the context of Utilitarianism, what is the fundamental criterion for determining the morality of an action?
In the context of Utilitarianism, what is the fundamental criterion for determining the morality of an action?
According to Kantian ethics, a moral action is one that aligns with the ___________, a principle that one should act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
According to Kantian ethics, a moral action is one that aligns with the ___________, a principle that one should act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
Match the philosopher with their ethical framework:
Match the philosopher with their ethical framework:
How does the Ethics of Care differ from traditional ethical theories like Utilitarianism and Deontology?
How does the Ethics of Care differ from traditional ethical theories like Utilitarianism and Deontology?
Virtue ethics asserts that moral character is innate and cannot be developed through practice or habit.
Virtue ethics asserts that moral character is innate and cannot be developed through practice or habit.
What is a key criticism of cultural relativism presented by James Rachels?
What is a key criticism of cultural relativism presented by James Rachels?
Explain the concept of 'the mean' in Aristotle's Virtue Ethics and provide an example.
Explain the concept of 'the mean' in Aristotle's Virtue Ethics and provide an example.
Flashcards
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
Morality is relative to each culture; there are no universal moral standards.
James Rachels' Stance
James Rachels' Stance
Challenges cultural relativism, arguing for the possibility of universal moral truths.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Actions are right if they maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.
Deontological Ethics
Deontological Ethics
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Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics
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Ethics of Care
Ethics of Care
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Consequentialism
Consequentialism
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Eudaimonia
Eudaimonia
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Maxim (Kant)
Maxim (Kant)
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Autonomy
Autonomy
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Study Notes
- Philosophers are associated with specific ethical themes.
Ruth Benedict and Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism means morality depends on culturally without universal standards.
- Morality is relative to each culture, so universal moral judgments aren't applicable.
- Key concepts include cultural relativism, morality, and societal norms.
- Morality is culturally relative
- Different cultures have different moral codes
James Rachels and Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism is critiqued, and argues for universal moral truths.
- Some universal moral truths exist beyond cultural practices, which challenges cultural relativism.
- Key concepts are moral codes, cultural diversity, universalism, ethical skepticism, and objectivity in ethics.
John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism
- Actions should be based on outcomes, aiming for the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
- Morality should be measured by the amount of happiness or unhappiness.
- Key concepts are Utilitarianism, consequentialism, happiness, pleasure, hedonism, higher and lower pleasures.
- Actions are right as they promote happiness and wrong as they produce unhappiness.
Immanuel Kant and Deontological Ethics
- Morality is based on universally applicable, rational principles that respect individuals.
- Ethical actions must be grounded in duty derived from universal laws, independent of outcomes.
- Key concepts are Categorical imperative, universality, duty, deontology, maxim, autonomy, practical reason, formula of universal law, formula of the end in itself.
- Act only according to that maxim which should become a universal law.
- Treat humanity as an end, not as a means to an end.
Aristotle and Virtue Ethics
- Focuses on developing virtues through habitual practice, aiming for a flourishing life (eudaimonia).
- Living well involves developing moral character through the practice of virtues balanced between excess and deficiency.
- Key concepts are virtue ethics, eudaimonia, phronesis (practical wisdom), the mean, teleology, specific virtues like courage and honesty.
- Excellence is not an act, but a habit.
Virginia Held and Ethics of Care
- Caring relationships and the role of emotions have moral significance.
- Ethics should prioritize the maintenance and promotion of caring relationships and emotional connections.
- Key concepts are ethics of care, relational ethics, emotion in morality, practical focus on care, interconnectedness, and caring relationships.
- The ethics of care are concerned especially with fostering connectedness among people.
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