Philosophers on Beauty and the Self

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Questions and Answers

What hormone is primarily associated with sexual desire in males?

Estrogen

Dopamine

Oxytocin

Testosterone (correct)

Which stage of love is primarily characterized by physical attraction and lust?

Attachment

Attraction

Desire

Enchantment (correct)

Which hormone is released during orgasm and is known as the 'love hormone'?

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

Testosterone

Oxytocin (correct)

Which part of the brain is responsible for triggering penile erection and sexual feelings?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in women?

Facilitates ovulation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with feelings of attraction?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

In Helen Fisher’s model, which stage of love is focused on creating long-term bonding?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in male reproductive health by regulating testes?

Luteinizing Hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the halo effect primarily associated with?

Favorable ratings of attractive individuals' personality traits Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural traditions influence body image and self-esteem?

They can have either positive or negative influences. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major factor contributing to poor body image among adolescents?

Parental emphasis on thin ideals Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive bias is highlighted in the relationship between appearance and personality judgments?

Halo effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential source of body dissatisfaction according to peer influence?

Bullying and peer pressure Signup and view all the answers

In the context of body image, what does 'body shaming' refer to?

Criticizing one's own or others' physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

What role does media play in shaping body image perceptions?

Media content often highlights physical attractiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the halo effect in evaluations beyond physical appearance?

Favorable interpretations based on initial impressions Signup and view all the answers

What is Kaluluwa (Kalag) commonly associated with?

Wisdom Signup and view all the answers

What describes 'nabarang' in the context of sorcery?

A victim of revenge Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ritual is characterized by prohibition rules?

Negative ritual Signup and view all the answers

In the context of witchcraft, what is believed to possess psychic power?

Individuals with esoteric knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ritual from regular practices?

Rituals follow a structured pattern and are often symbolic. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common belief about individuals who practice witchcraft?

They explain personal misfortunes through their abilities. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sacrificial rituals is correct?

They are the earliest form of religion. Signup and view all the answers

What do imitative rituals commonly do?

Repeat myths or stories. Signup and view all the answers

What does polytheism primarily involve?

Worship of multiple gods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major world religions?

Atheism Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Babaylans considered to be in Philippine history?

The first psychologists Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Dungan' refer to?

A life force or energy Signup and view all the answers

Which action is primarily associated with the concept of magic?

Defined actions including speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the baptism ceremony in Catholicism?

To welcome the child into the faith and cleanse from original sin Signup and view all the answers

What do animists primarily worship?

Nonhuman beings and nature Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'Ginhawa' play in Visayan culture?

A term for a life force or breath Signup and view all the answers

What role does social learning theory play in political socialization?

It involves acquiring learning through observation and imitation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an aspect of political socialization?

A lifelong process of acquiring political knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT identified as a strength of the Filipino character?

Concern for material wealth Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive theory suggest about political attitudes?

They are determined by individuals' knowledge and perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the family contribute to an individual's political self?

It serves as a source of personal identity and support. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of political behavior is emphasized through the authority of church and peers?

Understanding political rights and obligations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects benevolent assimilation as per President McKinley's vision?

Create a public education system to empower citizens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in the relationship between the state and citizens as suggested in the content?

Bilateral obligations and rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of ideal self-presentation?

To construct an image consistent with our desired self Signup and view all the answers

Which self-presentation strategy involves projecting an image of integrity?

Exemplification Signup and view all the answers

What is the motive behind instrumental self-presentation?

To gain rewards and increase self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a tactic to make others perceive you positively?

Tactical self-presentation Signup and view all the answers

What behavior does supplication involve?

Depicting oneself as weak and needy Signup and view all the answers

What can change an individual's behavior according to impression management?

Noticing surveillance or observation Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-presentation combines elements of fear and control?

Intimidation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of impression management strategies?

They may cause consequences in personal relationships Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philosophers' Perspectives on Beauty

St. Augustine questioned whether beauty was delightful or if delight was beautiful, concluding that beauty was the latter.
He connected beauty to love and desire, saying beauty existed in realms of Forms rather than objects.
Plato believed beauty existed in a realm of Forms, making objects beautiful as reflections of these Forms.
Aristotle stated that order, symmetry, and definition (demonstrable by math) were chief forms of beauty.
David Hume argued that beauty is subjective, existing only in the mind of the beholder. Different minds perceive different things as beautiful.
Immanuel Kant said aesthetic judgments are subjective, not logical.
Francis Hutcheson believed perceptions of beauty depend on external senses, but that an internal sense of beauty also exists.

Psychologists' Perspectives on the Physical Self

William James saw the physical self as the source and maintenance of personal identity; tied to consciousness and soul.
Sigmund Freud believed the physical self is the center of human experience, with the body ego as the development source for all egos.
Wilhelm Reich saw mind and body as one, stating all psychological experiences are physical.
Erik Erikson connected personal experiences and bodily organs to personal development in early life to build intellectual competence and social roles later in life.
B.F. Skinner focused on the role the body plays in overt behavior.

Culture and Perception of Beauty

Cultural traditions can positively or negatively influence perceptions of beauty and self-esteem.
Standards of beauty vary across cultures.

Body Image and Self-Esteem

Body image is how individuals perceive and feel about their bodies. Self-esteem is a person's overall worth.
Body image impacts adolescents' physical and mental health, and is related to self-esteem.
Appearance refers to outward physical attributes (e.g., height, weight, clothes).
Poor body image is influenced by parental emphasis on the thin ideal and peer pressure.
Media often portray ideal standards of attractiveness.
Body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with imagined physical flaws.

Eating Disorders

Bulimia nervosa involves out-of-control eating followed by purging (e.g., vomiting or laxatives).
Anorexia nervosa involves extreme restriction of food intake or excessive exercise to lose weight.
Binge-eating disorder involves repeated binge eating, without purging behavior.

Sexual Self

Human sexuality is complex and encompasses biological, social-cultural factors.
WHO defines sexuality as a central human aspect encompassing sex, gender identity and roles, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.
Gender identity is an individual’s sense of their own gender.
Sexual orientation refers to whom a person is attracted to (physically, emotionally, or romantically).

Sexual Response Cycle

The sexual response cycle has four phases: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.
These phases involve physiological and psychological processes, experienced by both males and females. Erogenous zones are highly sensitive and often sexually exciting.

Understanding Hormones and Lust

Lust is driven by testosterone in males and estrogen in females.
Attraction is influenced by dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are associated with attachment.

Consumer Culture and Material Self

The material self includes all possessions, objects, or people someone sees as "their own."
Possessions can be a status symbol.
Consumer culture is associated with materialism (the importance of material possessions.)
Material possessions can reflect hard work and success.
The opposite of materialism could possibly lead to mental health issues and psychological distress.

Spiritual Self

Spirituality is about searching for something sacred or a connection to a higher power or the universe.
Spirituality and religiosity are different.
Religiosity is organized belief.
Religion has organization, beliefs, rituals, and experience. Spirituality is more personal.

Political Self

Politics involves making decisions in groups or other kinds of power relationships.
Family and social hierarchies influence the concept of a political self.
The political self is a part of one's self-concept..

Digital Self

Digital self is the online persona/image.
Self-presentation online.
Online identity is constructed differently from real-life identity.
Digital identities are malleable compared to real-world forms.

Causes of Online Disinhibition

The characteristics of online interaction can contribute to disinhibition (lack of restraint).
Online interactions may have less accountability/responsibility.
Online identity might be different from real-life identity.

Self-Presentation Strategies

Self-presentation involves managing how others perceive us, including online. Strategies include exemplification, supplication, intimidation, self-promotion, ingratiation.
In terms of self-presentation, there are motivations that are instrumental (to gain rewards/esteem ) and expressive (to demonstrate identity, values, preferences).

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Description

Explore the perspectives of influential philosophers on the concept of beauty and its connection to personal identity. Delve into the ideas of St. Augustine, Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Kant, and Hutcheson as they grapple with aesthetics and perception. This quiz will challenge your understanding of their philosophical arguments and insights.