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Questions and Answers
Which chamber of the fish heart is responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood?
Which chamber of the fish heart is responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood?
Which type of fish has a non-contractile bulbous arteriosus in their circulatory system?
Which type of fish has a non-contractile bulbous arteriosus in their circulatory system?
Which layer of the fish heart depends on oxygen reserves and nutrients in venous blood?
Which layer of the fish heart depends on oxygen reserves and nutrients in venous blood?
Which region of the fish heart initiates the electrical signal for contraction?
Which region of the fish heart initiates the electrical signal for contraction?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in fish?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in fish?
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What is the term for the positive effect on heart rate?
What is the term for the positive effect on heart rate?
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Which type of swimming leads to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure recovery?
Which type of swimming leads to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure recovery?
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What is the range of increase in stroke volume during endurance swimming in fish?
What is the range of increase in stroke volume during endurance swimming in fish?
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What is the effect of temperature on cardiac output in fish?
What is the effect of temperature on cardiac output in fish?
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What is the value of Q10, a measure of the increase in metabolic rate with temperature, for cardiac output in fish?
What is the value of Q10, a measure of the increase in metabolic rate with temperature, for cardiac output in fish?
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Which mechanism is responsible for increasing stroke volume with greater ventricular filling?
Which mechanism is responsible for increasing stroke volume with greater ventricular filling?
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What is the effect of epinephrine on contractility in the heart?
What is the effect of epinephrine on contractility in the heart?
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Which factor is NOT a positive inotropic factor for cardiac filling?
Which factor is NOT a positive inotropic factor for cardiac filling?
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Which nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Which nerve innervates the SA region of the heart?
Which nerve innervates the SA region of the heart?
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What is the intrinsic heart rate determined by in fish?
What is the intrinsic heart rate determined by in fish?
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Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released in the fish cardiovascular system?
Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released in the fish cardiovascular system?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in fish?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in fish?
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What happens to Hb-O2 affinity when hemoglobin is oxygenated?
What happens to Hb-O2 affinity when hemoglobin is oxygenated?
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How many chambers does the fish heart have?
How many chambers does the fish heart have?
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Which chamber of the fish heart is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood?
Which chamber of the fish heart is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood?
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What is the function of the conal valves in lampreys and elasmobranchs?
What is the function of the conal valves in lampreys and elasmobranchs?
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Which type of fish has a non-contractile bulbous arteriosus in their circulatory system?
Which type of fish has a non-contractile bulbous arteriosus in their circulatory system?
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Which layer of the fish heart depends on oxygen reserves and nutrients in venous blood?
Which layer of the fish heart depends on oxygen reserves and nutrients in venous blood?
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What is the term for the positive effect on heart rate?
What is the term for the positive effect on heart rate?
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Which type of swimming leads to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure recovery?
Which type of swimming leads to a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure recovery?
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What is the effect of temperature on cardiac output in fish?
What is the effect of temperature on cardiac output in fish?
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What is the range of increase in stroke volume during endurance swimming in fish?
What is the range of increase in stroke volume during endurance swimming in fish?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in fish?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in fish?
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Which nerve innervates the sinoatrial region of the fish heart?
Which nerve innervates the sinoatrial region of the fish heart?
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Which factor does NOT influence stroke volume in fish?
Which factor does NOT influence stroke volume in fish?
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Which of the following is NOT a positive inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish?
Which of the following is NOT a positive inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish?
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What is the formula for calculating stroke volume in fish?
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume in fish?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing cardiac filling in fish?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing cardiac filling in fish?
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Which of the following is NOT a negative inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish?
Which of the following is NOT a negative inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish?
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Which of the following is NOT controlled by the sympathetic nervous system in fish?
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the sympathetic nervous system in fish?
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Which of the following is NOT a target site for epinephrine and norepinephrine in the fish cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT a target site for epinephrine and norepinephrine in the fish cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following is NOT innervated by the vagus nerve in the fish heart?
Which of the following is NOT innervated by the vagus nerve in the fish heart?
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What is the term for the negative effect on heart rate?
What is the term for the negative effect on heart rate?
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What is the effect of epinephrine on contractility in the fish heart?
What is the effect of epinephrine on contractility in the fish heart?
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True or false: Hypoxia increases stroke volume in fish.
True or false: Hypoxia increases stroke volume in fish.
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True or false: The Frank-Starling mechanism is influenced by cardiac filling pressure.
True or false: The Frank-Starling mechanism is influenced by cardiac filling pressure.
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True or false: The sympathetic nervous system increases contractility in fish.
True or false: The sympathetic nervous system increases contractility in fish.
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True or false: Hypoxia is a negative inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish.
True or false: Hypoxia is a negative inotropic factor for cardiac filling in fish.
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True or false: The vagus nerve innervates the ventricle of the fish heart.
True or false: The vagus nerve innervates the ventricle of the fish heart.
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The fish circulatory system includes a sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus.
The fish circulatory system includes a sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus.
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The bulbous arteriosus in teleost fish is a non-contractile chamber with a single bulbal valve.
The bulbous arteriosus in teleost fish is a non-contractile chamber with a single bulbal valve.
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The ventricular walls in fish are composed of dense compact myocardium and spongy myocardium.
The ventricular walls in fish are composed of dense compact myocardium and spongy myocardium.
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Fish hearts rely on myogenic activity, with electrical signals initiated in the sinoatrial region.
Fish hearts rely on myogenic activity, with electrical signals initiated in the sinoatrial region.
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The cardiac output in fish is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume.
The cardiac output in fish is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume.
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Function of Fish Heart
- The chamber responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood is the atrium.
- Bulbous arteriosus, a non-contractile structure, is found in teleost fish for blood flow regulation.
- The epicardium layer of the fish heart depends on oxygen reserves and nutrients from venous blood.
- The sinoatrial (SA) region of the heart initiates the electrical signal for contraction.
Cardiac Output calculations and Inotropic Effects
- Cardiac output in fish is calculated using the formula: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.
- The term for the positive effect on heart rate is positive chronotropic effect.
- During steady swimming, there is a decrease in cardiac output and arterial pressure recovery.
- Endurance swimming can increase stroke volume by approximately 30-50%.
- Cardiac output in fish is significantly affected by temperature, with increased temperatures generally leading to increased cardiac output.
- The Q10 value, indicating metabolic rate increases with temperature for cardiac output, typically is around 2.
- The Frank-Starling mechanism increases stroke volume with greater ventricular filling.
- Epinephrine enhances contractility in the heart, acting as a positive inotropic factor.
Neural and Hormonal Regulation
- The sympathetic nervous system drives the 'fight or flight' response affecting heart function.
- The vagus nerve innervates the sinoatrial region of the fish heart, influencing heart rate.
- Intrinsic heart rate in fish is determined by the sinoatrial node activity.
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in the adrenal glands of the fish cardiovascular system, influencing heart function.
Functions of Hemoglobin and Oxygen Affinity
- The primary function of hemoglobin in fish is to transport oxygen.
- When hemoglobin is oxygenated, its affinity for oxygen, Hb-O2 affinity, increases.
General Heart Structure
- The fish heart consists of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus.
- The atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the body.
- In lampreys and elasmobranchs, conal valves serve to direct blood flow effectively.
Stroke Volume and Contractility Effects
- Not all factors influence stroke volume; factors like negative inotropic states, such as hypoxia, do not positively influence stroke volume.
- The vagus nerve does not innervate the ventricle of the fish heart; instead, it influences heart rate.
- There are negative effects on heart rate termed negative chronotropic effects.
True/False Statements
- Hypoxia in fish decreases stroke volume (False).
- The Frank-Starling mechanism is influenced by cardiac filling pressure (True).
- Sympathetic nervous system increases contractility in fish (True).
- Hypoxia is a negative inotropic factor for cardiac filling most times (True).
- The vagus nerve does not innervate the ventricle of the fish heart (True).
Summary of Key Structures
- Fish hearts rely on myogenic activity, with electrical signals starting in the sinoatrial region.
- The bulbous arteriosus in teleost fish is a non-contractile chamber with a single bulbal valve.
- Ventricular walls are made up of dense compact myocardium and spongy myocardium.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fish circulatory system and comparative anatomy of the heart. This quiz covers topics such as hemoglobins, sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus, and bulbous arteriosus. See how well you understand the fish circulatory system with this quiz!
