Transport in Animals and Human Heart Structure
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Questions and Answers

The _____ is responsible for delivering deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

pulmonary artery

The ventral aorta is located on the upper side of a fish.

False (B)

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of double circulation?

  • Efficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body
  • Direct transport of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (correct)
  • Lower pressure in pulmonary artery circulation
  • Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

    • Match the heart chamber with its corresponding function:

    <p>Right Atrium = Receives deoxygenated blood from the body Left Atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Right Ventricle = Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left Ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the septum in the heart?

    <p>The septum separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart, preventing them from mixing. It also prevents blood from flowing back into the heart chambers after it is pumped out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of systole?

    <p>Contraction and pumping of the heart chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.

    <p>superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double circulation results in a lower pressure in the aorta compared to the pulmonary artery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the walls of the ventricles thicker than the walls of the atria?

    <p>The ventricles have to generate more pressure to pump blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the lungs, which requires more force.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in thickness between the left ventricle wall and the right ventricle wall?

    <p>The left ventricle needs to pump blood to the entire body, requiring more force due to the longer distance and greater pressure. The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs, which is a shorter distance and requires less pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ in the heart are responsible for receiving blood from the body and lungs.

    <p>atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chambers of the heart with their functions:

    <p>Right atrium = Receives deoxygenated blood from the body Right ventricle = Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Left ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble _______ proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin.

    <p>fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of phagocytosis?

    <p>It involves the engulfing and digestion of pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that can bind to a variety of different pathogens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B lymphocytes?

    <p>B lymphocytes produce antibodies that bind to pathogens or foreign substances to neutralize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Antigen = A substance that triggers an immune response. Antibody = A protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens. Phagocytosis = The process of engulfing and digesting pathogens by phagocytes. Specific Immune Response = An immune response targeted to a specific pathogen. Non-specific Immune Response = An immune response that is not targeted to a specific pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circulatory system in humans?

    <p>To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mammalian circulatory system is an open circulation system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the human circulatory system?

    <p>Blood vessels and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of a fish is a two-chambered organ responsible for pumping blood.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ways the activity of the heart can be monitored?

    <p>ECG, pulse rate, listening to sounds of valves closing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins carry blood away from the heart.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    <p>Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The [BLANK] are small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of substances between the blood and tissues.

    <p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of blood with their primary function:

    <p>Plasma = Transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, mineral ions, hormones, and heat energy Red blood cells = Transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells White blood cells = Defend the body against infection by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production Platelets = Involved in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

    <p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A complete blockage of a coronary artery will cause a heart attack.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fatty deposits that can block coronary arteries called?

    <p>Plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition where a partial blockage of coronary arteries causes severe chest pain is known as [BLANK].

    <p>angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is responsible for engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis?

    <p>Phagocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood clotting is important for preventing blood loss and entry of pathogens into the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein involved in blood clotting that is present in high concentrations in plasma?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a blood vessel is injured, [BLANK] get activated and bind to the extracellular matrix to anchor them to the site of the wound.

    <p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about red blood cells is FALSE?

    <p>They are larger than white blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle, providing it with oxygen and nutrients.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Circulatory System

    The system in humans comprising blood vessels, heart, and valves for blood transport.

    Functions of Circulatory System

    Transport nutrients and oxygen, remove waste and carbon dioxide, and enable gas exchange.

    Closed Double Circulation

    Mammalian circulatory system where blood is in vessels and passes through the heart twice per circuit.

    Single Circulation in Fish

    Fish have a two-chambered heart with blood passing through it once for a complete loop.

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    Dorsal Aorta in Fish

    A major blood vessel on the upper side of fish carrying oxygenated blood to the body.

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    Ventral Aorta

    The major artery on the lower side of fishes; carries blood away from the heart.

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    Systemic Circulation

    The part of circulation that delivers oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body.

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    Pulmonary Circulation

    The flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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    Septum

    The wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart, keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.

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    Atrioventricular Valves

    Valves between the atria and ventricles, including the tricuspid and bicuspid valves.

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    Systole

    The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out.

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    Diastole

    The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and fills with blood.

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    Advantages of Double Circulation

    1. Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 2) Efficient oxygen supply 3) Lower lung circulation pressure 4) Higher body distribution pressure 5) Kidney filtration.
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    Fibrin formation

    Platelets convert fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forming a blood clot.

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    Ventricular wall thickness

    Ventricles have thicker walls than atria to generate higher pressure.

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    Atria wall thickness

    Atria have thinner walls since they pump blood down with less force.

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    Scab formation

    A clot dries to form a scab, protecting the wound from bacteria.

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    Phagocytosis

    Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens using enzymes.

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    Left vs Right Ventricle

    Left ventricle has thicker walls to pump blood throughout the body.

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    B lymphocytes

    B cells produce antibodies specific to pathogens or toxins.

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    Right Ventricle pressure

    Right ventricle walls are thinner due to lower pressure needed to pump blood to lungs.

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    Antibody specificity

    Antibodies fit specific antigens on pathogens, enabling targeted immune response.

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    Oxygenated blood flow

    Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via pulmonary veins.

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    Deoxygenated blood flow

    Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava.

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    Atrium contraction

    Both atria contract to pump blood into the respective ventricles.

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    Aorta function

    Aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

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    Arteries

    Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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    Veins

    Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

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    Capillaries

    Tiny blood vessels where exchange of materials occurs.

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    Oxygen Diffusion

    Process of oxygen moving from capillaries to tissues.

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    Coronary Arteries

    Arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.

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    Angina

    Chest pain from restricted blood flow in coronary arteries.

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    Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

    Heart condition due to blockage in coronary arteries.

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    Components of Blood

    Includes plasma, red/white blood cells, and platelets.

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    Plasma

    Liquid component of blood that transports substances.

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    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Cells that transport oxygen from lungs to body cells.

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    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Cells that defend the body against infections.

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    Platelets

    Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

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    Fibrinogen

    Protein in blood plasma that aids in clotting.

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    Leaky Capillaries

    Capillaries with small gaps allowing substances to exit.

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    Study Notes

    Transport in Animals

    • The circulatory system is the main transport system in humans.
    • It's a network of tubes (blood vessels) powered by a pump (the heart) and valves maintaining one-way blood flow.
    • Functions include transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste and carbon dioxide from cells, and facilitating efficient gas exchange.
    • Mammalian circulatory system is a closed, double circulation system.
      • Blood remains inside vessels.
      • Blood passes through the heart twice for a complete circuit of the body.

    Single Circulation in Fish

    • Fish have a two-chambered heart and single circulation.
    • Blood flows through the heart only once during a complete circulation.
    • Deoxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation.
    • Afterwards, the oxygenated blood travels to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

    Human Heart Structure

    • The heart diagram shows the different chambers, valves, and major blood vessels.
    • Includes the atria (right and left), ventricles (right and left), vena cava (superior and inferior), pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta, and various valves (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral, and semilunar). (Detailed diagram referenced)

    Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

    • Systemic Circulation: The pathway of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to the body's tissues.
      • Deoxygenated blood returns through the vena cava to the right atrium.
    • Pulmonary Circulation: The pathway of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, to become oxygenated.
      • The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

    Advantages of Double Circulation

    • Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate, preventing mixing.
    • Provides efficient nutrient and oxygen delivery to body cells (like glucose, iron, calcium, protein, etc...).
    • Lower pressure in the pulmonary artery prevents damage to lung capillaries.
    • Allows high blood pressure to other body parts for efficient delivery in the systemic circulation pathway.
    • Filtration in the kidneys is allowed because of the lower pressure.
    • High rate of respiration and oxygen exchange.

    Heart Actions (Systole/Diastole)

    • Systole: Contraction of heart chambers (pumping phase).
    • Diastole: Relaxation of heart chambers (filling phase).

    Atria and Ventricle Wall Thickness

    • Ventricle walls are thicker than atria walls.
    • Ventricles have to generate higher pressure to pump blood to the lungs and body.
    • Left ventricle (pumping to the whole body) is thicker than right ventricle (pumping to the lungs) because the pressure required is greater.
    • Atria only pump blood into ventricles.

    Blood Components and Function

    • Plasma: Transports carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, minerals, hormones, and heat energy.
    • Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen around the body, carrying oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.
    • White Blood Cells: Defend the body against infection through phagocytosis and antibody production.
    • Platelets: Essential for blood clotting.

    Blood Clotting

    • Injury to blood vessel lining triggers platelets to activate and bind to the wound site.
    • Platelets release chemicals converting soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forming the clot and preventing blood loss.
    • The clot dries and forms a protective scab.

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens, using their sensitive cell surface membrane to detect pathogens.
    • Recognize chemical signals (antigens) released by pathogens.
    • This is a non-specific immune response.

    Lymphocytes (B cells) and Antibodies

    • Lymphocytes create antibodies, proteins shaped to recognize and neutralize specific pathogens or toxins (antigens).
    • Antibodies are specific to the antigen on the pathogen, ensuring a targeted immune response.

    Arteries

    • Narrow lumen which maintains high pressure.
    • Thick walls to withstand high pressure.
    • Corrugated inner lining (endothelium) for stretching during contraction.

    Veins

    • Wide lumen providing low resistance against blood flow.
    • Smooth endothelium maintaining low-pressure flow.
    • Valves to prevent backflow of blood.
    • Contains elastic and muscle fibers

    Capillaries

    • Networks of thin-walled vessels facilitating efficient gas exchange and nutrient diffusion.
    • Walls are only one cell thick (reducing diffusion distance).
    • Walls are leaky (small gaps between epithelial cells) to allow water, ions, and nutrients to exchange with tissues.
    • Small lumen to slow blood flow, brings red blood cells close to tissues for efficient exchange.

    Important Arteries and Veins

    • (List of veins & arteries by organ) Includes examples.

    Coronary Heart Disease

    • Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
    • Obstruction by plaque (fatty deposits) causes reduced blood flow.
    • Partial blockage creates angina, while complete blockage leads to a heart attack.
    • Risk factors include unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking, genetics, stress, and age(males are more prone).

    Preventing Coronary Heart Disease

    • Recommendations include regular exercise, smoking cessation, balanced diet, weight management, salt reduction, stress reduction, and sometimes qualified medication use.

    Monitoring Heart Activity

    • Heart activity can be monitored by ECG (electrocardiogram), pulse rate, and listening for valve sounds.

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    Description

    Explore the essential transport systems in animals, focusing on the circulatory system in humans and single circulation in fish. Understand the differences in heart structure and function between mammals and fish, and learn about the significance of blood flow. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of animal physiology.

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