First Year End Review: Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What event occurs during the S2 heart sound?

  • Closing of the A/V valves
  • Ventricular contraction
  • Atrial contraction
  • Closing of the semilunar valves (correct)

    • What is the primary phase of the cardiac cycle characterized by the contraction of the heart muscle?

  • Relaxation phase
  • Filling phase
  • Diastole
  • Systole (correct)

    • In what part of the heart does depolarization begin?

  • Purkinje fibers
  • SA Node (correct)
  • Bundle of His
  • AV Node

    • Which arteries supply blood directly to the heart muscle?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average diastolic blood pressure considered to be?

    <p>Less than 80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the degree of cardiac muscle stretch before contraction?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex on the EKG represents ventricular depolarization?

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are all blood cells produced in the human body?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wave on the EKG indicates atrial depolarization?

    <p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do erythrocytes (RBCs) primarily serve in the circulatory system?

    <p>Transport oxygen and some CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoietin?

    <p>To stimulate red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in responding to allergies and parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>They engage in phagocytosis and present antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant?

    <p>To decrease surface tension in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about internal respiration?

    <p>It refers to gas exchange between blood and body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the left lung have?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the respiratory process according to the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Action potential sent every 5 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of immunoglobulins?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of thrombocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Initiate the coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is specifically involved in making histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates external respiration in the lungs?

    <p>Contraction of diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes macrophages unique among leukocytes?

    <p>They are the largest white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity do B cells provide?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes are present in the right lung?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Prevents alveoli from collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the SA Node in the heart?

    <p>Acts as the pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle occurs immediately after S1?

    <p>Atrial Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the Frank Starling Law?

    <p>Greater muscle stretch results in stronger contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery does NOT directly branch from the arch of the aorta?

    <p>Coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood pressure refers to the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is iron primarily utilized in the body?

    <p>To produce hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily serves as a reservoir for blood in the circulatory system?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wave on an EKG indicates the repolarization of ventricles?

    <p>T wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure slows down the electrical impulse during heart conduction?

    <p>AV Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average systolic blood pressure considered normal?

    <p>Less than 120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for first response (first responders) to infections? and engages in phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Directly attack infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is NOT a function of the pleural membrane?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pulmonary surfactant is true?

    <p>Increases lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for air and food passage but not for the exchange of gases?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of air passage through the respiratory system?

    <p>Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinctive feature of macrophages among lymphocytes?

    <p>They can present antigens to T-helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the conduction system in the heart?

    <p>To initiate and regulate the heart's electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries directly provide blood to the brain?

    <p>Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes autorhythmicity in the heart?

    <p>The ability of the heart to generate its own rhythmic impulses independent of neural input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reservoir of blood?

    <p>Venous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of the left ventricle in systemic circulation?

    <p>It pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries are .... pressure and veins are ... pressure

    <p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is no ... in the eyes.

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood primarily carries oxygen to tissues?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what are the four arteries that take blood to the brain?

    <p>Left and right vertebral arteries (basilar artery) and carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What to leukocytes engage in phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 3 ways we transport CO2 in the blood?

    <p>Dissolved in plasma, hemoglobin molecules, 70% converted into HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the spinal cord levels activated in external respiration?

    <p>C3, C4, C5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Anatomy and Function

    • Heart is located in the mediastinum.
    • S1 marks the closing of A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral) while S2 marks the closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).
    • Phases of the heart: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation/filling).
    • Cardiac cycle: transitions from atrial systole/ventricular diastole with S1 to atrial diastole/ventricular systole with S2.
    • Frank Starling Law: the strength of cardiac contraction correlates with muscle stretch (preload).

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • Depolarization begins at the SA Node (pacemaker), spreads through atrial contractile fibers, slows at the A/V Node, moves via Bundle of His, branches into left/right bundle branches, and travels fast through Purkinje fibers to ventricular contractile fibers.
    • The heart exhibits autorhythmicity, enabling it to generate its own rhythm independent of the brain and spinal cord.
    • EKG interpretation: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization).

    Systemic Circulation

    • Flow order: Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cavas → right atrium.
    • No capillaries in the lens of the eye; venous system serves as a blood reservoir.
    • Arteries function under high pressure; veins operate under low pressure.

    Major Arteries

    • Coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle.
    • Aortic arch branches: brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
    • Brain supply includes left/right vertebral arteries (merge into basilar artery) and left/right internal carotid arteries.

    Blood Pressure and Components

    • Normal blood pressure: systolic < 120 mmHg, diastolic < 80 mmHg.
    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic (e.g., 120-80=40).
    • Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow found in long bone epiphyses.

    Blood Cell Types

    • Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and some CO2, require iron for hemoglobin production; ave biconcave shape.
    • Hormonal control: erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
    • Leukocytes (WBCs): involved in immunity; include:
      • Neutrophils: first responders and phagocytes.
      • Eosinophils: active in allergies/parasitic infections.
      • Basophils: release histamine for vasodilation/inflammatory response.
      • Macrophages: large phagocytes that present antigens to T-Helper cells.
      • Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells): central to adaptive immunity.

    Thrombocytes

    • Platelets are crucial for coagulation to halt bleeding.

    Respiratory System Structure

    • External nose, internal nose, pharynx (pathway for food and air), larynx (air only, with vocal cords).
    • Epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.

    Respiratory Pathway

    • Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, leading to bronchioles and alveoli (gas exchange sites surrounded by capillaries).

    Lung Anatomy

    • Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal layers) covers the lungs.
    • Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes.
    • Pulmonary surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent collapse and increase compliance.

    Gas Exchange

    • External respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood occurs in alveoli.
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells.

    Regulation of Respiration

    • Medulla oblongata houses the respiratory center, regulating respiratory rate and depth.
    • Neurons fire action potentials every ~5 seconds to spinal cord levels C3, C4, and C5 to control respiration.

    Heart Anatomy and Function

    • Heart is located in the mediastinum.
    • S1 marks the closing of A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral) while S2 marks the closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).
    • Phases of the heart: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation/filling).
    • Cardiac cycle: transitions from atrial systole/ventricular diastole with S1 to atrial diastole/ventricular systole with S2.
    • Frank Starling Law: the strength of cardiac contraction correlates with muscle stretch (preload).

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • Depolarization begins at the SA Node (pacemaker), spreads through atrial contractile fibers, slows at the A/V Node, moves via Bundle of His, branches into left/right bundle branches, and travels fast through Purkinje fibers to ventricular contractile fibers.
    • The heart exhibits autorhythmicity, enabling it to generate its own rhythm independent of the brain and spinal cord.
    • EKG interpretation: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization).

    Systemic Circulation

    • Flow order: Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cavas → right atrium.
    • No capillaries in the lens of the eye; venous system serves as a blood reservoir.
    • Arteries function under high pressure; veins operate under low pressure.

    Major Arteries

    • Coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle.
    • Aortic arch branches: brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
    • Brain supply includes left/right vertebral arteries (merge into basilar artery) and left/right internal carotid arteries.

    Blood Pressure and Components

    • Normal blood pressure: systolic < 120 mmHg, diastolic < 80 mmHg.
    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic (e.g., 120-80=40).
    • Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow found in long bone epiphyses.

    Blood Cell Types

    • Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and some CO2, require iron for hemoglobin production; ave biconcave shape.
    • Hormonal control: erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
    • Leukocytes (WBCs): involved in immunity; include:
      • Neutrophils: first responders and phagocytes.
      • Eosinophils: active in allergies/parasitic infections.
      • Basophils: release histamine for vasodilation/inflammatory response.
      • Macrophages: large phagocytes that present antigens to T-Helper cells.
      • Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells): central to adaptive immunity.

    Thrombocytes

    • Platelets are crucial for coagulation to halt bleeding.

    Respiratory System Structure

    • External nose, internal nose, pharynx (pathway for food and air), larynx (air only, with vocal cords).
    • Epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.

    Respiratory Pathway

    • Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, leading to bronchioles and alveoli (gas exchange sites surrounded by capillaries).

    Lung Anatomy

    • Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal layers) covers the lungs.
    • Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes.
    • Pulmonary surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent collapse and increase compliance.

    Gas Exchange

    • External respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood occurs in alveoli.
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells.

    Regulation of Respiration

    • Medulla oblongata houses the respiratory center, regulating respiratory rate and depth.
    • Neurons fire action potentials every ~5 seconds to spinal cord levels C3, C4, and C5 to control respiration.

    Cardiovascular System Location and Sounds

    • The heart is located in the mediastinum.
    • The first heart sound (S1) is caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves).
    • The second heart sound (S2) is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).

    Cardiac Cycle and Frank-Starling Law

    • The cardiac cycle consists of two phases: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation or filling).
    • The Frank-Starling Law states that the force of cardiac muscle contraction is proportional to the degree of muscle stretch after the filling phase. The degree of stretch is referred to as preload.

    Cardiac Conduction System and Autorhythmicity

    • The heart's conduction system initiates and coordinates heartbeats.
    • The sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker, initiates depolarization.
    • Depolarization spreads through the atrial contractile fibers, slows down at the atrioventricular (AV) node, and then travels through the bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and finally spreads through the ventricular contractile fibers.
    • The heart has autorhythmicity, meaning it has a pacemaker that sets its own rhythm independent of the brain and spinal cord.

    EKG and Wave Components

    • An electrocardiogram (EKG) records electrical activity in the heart.
    • The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
    • The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
    • The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

    Systemic Circulation

    • Blood flows from the left ventricle, through the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavas, and finally to the right atrium.
    • The lens of the eye lacks capillaries.
    • Veins serve as a reservoir for blood.
    • Arteries carry blood at high pressure, while veins carry blood at low pressure.

    Major Arteries and Branches

    • The ascending aorta gives rise to the left and right coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle.
    • The arch of the aorta branches into:
      • Brachiocephalic trunk (artery), splitting into right subclavian and right common carotid arteries.
      • Left common carotid artery.
      • Left subclavian artery.

    Arteries Supplying the Brain

    • The brain receives blood from four main arteries:
      • Left and right vertebral arteries, merging to form the basilar artery.
      • Left and right internal carotid arteries.

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood within the arterial system.
    • Average blood pressure is less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic.
    • Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

    Blood Cells and Production

    • All blood cells are produced in red bone marrow, found in the epiphysis of long bones.

    Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

    • Erythrocytes function in oxygen transport and some carbon dioxide transport.
    • Hemoglobin is the molecule that oxygen and carbon dioxide attach to.
    • Iron is necessary for hemoglobin production.
    • Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape.
    • Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in the red bone marrow.

    Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

    • Leukocytes play a crucial role in immunity, protecting against foreign antigens and pathogens.

    Types of Leukocytes and Functions

    • Neutrophils: The most abundant type of leukocytes, first responders, and engage in phagocytosis.
    • Eosinophils: Most active in allergic reactions and parasitic invasions.
    • Basophils: Release histamine, a chemical that causes vasodilation and triggers an inflammatory response.
    • Macrophages: Largest of WBCs, engage in phagocytosis, and function as antigen-presenting cells, activating the immune response by presenting antigens to T-helper cells.
    • Lymphocytes:
      • Include T cells and B cells.
      • These cells are responsible for acquired or adaptive immunity, developing specific and efficient immune responses to invaders after initial exposure.

    Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Humoral Immunity: When exposed to a pathogen, B cells mature into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies).
    • Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T cells or T killer cells directly attack and kill infected or diseased body cells.

    Thrombocytes (Platelets)

    • Thrombocytes initiate the coagulation cascade to clot blood and stop bleeding.

    Respiratory System Parts and Functions

    • The respiratory system consists of the following parts in order:
      • External nose.
      • Internal nose.
      • Pharynx: Located posterior to the nose and mouth, allowing passage of food and air.
      • Larynx: Carries only air, contains vocal cords, and the epiglottis covers the larynx to prevent food from entering.
      • Trachea.
      • Bronchi (primary, secondary, and tertiary).
      • Bronchioles.
      • Alveoli: Air sacs where gas exchange occurs, surrounded by capillaries.

    Pleural Membrane, Lung Lobes, and Surfactant

    • The pleural membrane, also known as pleura, is the serous membrane covering the lung. It consists of two layers: visceral and parietal.
    • The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.
    • Pulmonary surfactant decreases surface tension in alveoli to prevent them from collapsing and increases lung compliance.

    Internal and External Respiration

    • External Respiration: Gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood, occurring in the alveoli.
    • Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body cells.

    Mechanism of External Respiration

    • The medulla oblongata contains the respiratory center, which regulates respiratory rate and depth.
    • This center sends action potentials down the spinal cord to spinal cord levels C3, C4, and C5 every 5 seconds or so to control breathing.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems with this first-year end review quiz. Questions cover heart location, sounds, phases of the heart, and the cardiac cycle. Perfect for students preparing for exams in medical or health-related programs.

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