Questions and Answers
What event occurs during the S2 heart sound?
What is the primary phase of the cardiac cycle characterized by the contraction of the heart muscle?
In what part of the heart does depolarization begin?
Which arteries supply blood directly to the heart muscle?
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What is the average diastolic blood pressure considered to be?
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What term describes the degree of cardiac muscle stretch before contraction?
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Which complex on the EKG represents ventricular depolarization?
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Where are all blood cells produced in the human body?
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Which wave on the EKG indicates atrial depolarization?
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What role do erythrocytes (RBCs) primarily serve in the circulatory system?
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What is the primary function of erythropoietin?
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Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in responding to allergies and parasitic infections?
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What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
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Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea?
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What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant?
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Which of the following is true about internal respiration?
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
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Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
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What initiates the respiratory process according to the medulla oblongata?
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Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of immunoglobulins?
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What is the main function of thrombocytes in the bloodstream?
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Which leukocyte is specifically involved in the regulation of allergic responses?
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What initiates external respiration in the lungs?
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What makes macrophages unique among leukocytes?
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What type of immunity do B cells provide?
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How many lobes are present in the right lung?
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What is the function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
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What is the primary function of the SA Node in the heart?
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Which phase of the cardiac cycle occurs immediately after S1?
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What best describes the Frank Starling Law?
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Which artery does NOT directly branch from the arch of the aorta?
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Which component of blood pressure refers to the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures?
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Where is iron primarily utilized in the body?
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Which structure primarily serves as a reservoir for blood in the circulatory system?
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Which wave on an EKG indicates the repolarization of ventricles?
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Which structure slows down the electrical impulse during heart conduction?
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What is the average systolic blood pressure considered normal?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Heart is located in the mediastinum.
- S1 marks the closing of A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral) while S2 marks the closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).
- Phases of the heart: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation/filling).
- Cardiac cycle: transitions from atrial systole/ventricular diastole with S1 to atrial diastole/ventricular systole with S2.
- Frank Starling Law: the strength of cardiac contraction correlates with muscle stretch (preload).
Cardiac Conduction System
- Depolarization begins at the SA Node (pacemaker), spreads through atrial contractile fibers, slows at the A/V Node, moves via Bundle of His, branches into left/right bundle branches, and travels fast through Purkinje fibers to ventricular contractile fibers.
- The heart exhibits autorhythmicity, enabling it to generate its own rhythm independent of the brain and spinal cord.
- EKG interpretation: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization).
Systemic Circulation
- Flow order: Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cavas → right atrium.
- No capillaries in the lens of the eye; venous system serves as a blood reservoir.
- Arteries function under high pressure; veins operate under low pressure.
Major Arteries
- Coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle.
- Aortic arch branches: brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
- Brain supply includes left/right vertebral arteries (merge into basilar artery) and left/right internal carotid arteries.
Blood Pressure and Components
- Normal blood pressure: systolic < 120 mmHg, diastolic < 80 mmHg.
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic (e.g., 120-80=40).
- Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow found in long bone epiphyses.
Blood Cell Types
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and some CO2, require iron for hemoglobin production; ave biconcave shape.
- Hormonal control: erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): involved in immunity; include:
- Neutrophils: first responders and phagocytes.
- Eosinophils: active in allergies/parasitic infections.
- Basophils: release histamine for vasodilation/inflammatory response.
- Macrophages: large phagocytes that present antigens to T-Helper cells.
- Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells): central to adaptive immunity.
Thrombocytes
- Platelets are crucial for coagulation to halt bleeding.
Respiratory System Structure
- External nose, internal nose, pharynx (pathway for food and air), larynx (air only, with vocal cords).
- Epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
Respiratory Pathway
- Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, leading to bronchioles and alveoli (gas exchange sites surrounded by capillaries).
Lung Anatomy
- Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal layers) covers the lungs.
- Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes.
- Pulmonary surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent collapse and increase compliance.
Gas Exchange
- External respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood occurs in alveoli.
- Internal respiration: gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells.
Regulation of Respiration
- Medulla oblongata houses the respiratory center, regulating respiratory rate and depth.
- Neurons fire action potentials every ~5 seconds to spinal cord levels C3, C4, and C5 to control respiration.
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Heart is located in the mediastinum.
- S1 marks the closing of A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral) while S2 marks the closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).
- Phases of the heart: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation/filling).
- Cardiac cycle: transitions from atrial systole/ventricular diastole with S1 to atrial diastole/ventricular systole with S2.
- Frank Starling Law: the strength of cardiac contraction correlates with muscle stretch (preload).
Cardiac Conduction System
- Depolarization begins at the SA Node (pacemaker), spreads through atrial contractile fibers, slows at the A/V Node, moves via Bundle of His, branches into left/right bundle branches, and travels fast through Purkinje fibers to ventricular contractile fibers.
- The heart exhibits autorhythmicity, enabling it to generate its own rhythm independent of the brain and spinal cord.
- EKG interpretation: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization).
Systemic Circulation
- Flow order: Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cavas → right atrium.
- No capillaries in the lens of the eye; venous system serves as a blood reservoir.
- Arteries function under high pressure; veins operate under low pressure.
Major Arteries
- Coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle.
- Aortic arch branches: brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
- Brain supply includes left/right vertebral arteries (merge into basilar artery) and left/right internal carotid arteries.
Blood Pressure and Components
- Normal blood pressure: systolic < 120 mmHg, diastolic < 80 mmHg.
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic (e.g., 120-80=40).
- Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow found in long bone epiphyses.
Blood Cell Types
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): transport oxygen and some CO2, require iron for hemoglobin production; ave biconcave shape.
- Hormonal control: erythropoietin (produced by kidneys) stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): involved in immunity; include:
- Neutrophils: first responders and phagocytes.
- Eosinophils: active in allergies/parasitic infections.
- Basophils: release histamine for vasodilation/inflammatory response.
- Macrophages: large phagocytes that present antigens to T-Helper cells.
- Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells): central to adaptive immunity.
Thrombocytes
- Platelets are crucial for coagulation to halt bleeding.
Respiratory System Structure
- External nose, internal nose, pharynx (pathway for food and air), larynx (air only, with vocal cords).
- Epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
Respiratory Pathway
- Trachea branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, leading to bronchioles and alveoli (gas exchange sites surrounded by capillaries).
Lung Anatomy
- Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal layers) covers the lungs.
- Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes.
- Pulmonary surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent collapse and increase compliance.
Gas Exchange
- External respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood occurs in alveoli.
- Internal respiration: gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells.
Regulation of Respiration
- Medulla oblongata houses the respiratory center, regulating respiratory rate and depth.
- Neurons fire action potentials every ~5 seconds to spinal cord levels C3, C4, and C5 to control respiration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems with this first-year end review quiz. Questions cover heart location, sounds, phases of the heart, and the cardiac cycle. Perfect for students preparing for exams in medical or health-related programs.
