First Mass Accounts in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What significant event did Francisco Albo inaccurately report regarding the location of the first mass?

It was held in Cebu.

It was held in Mindanao.

It was held in Limasawa. (correct)

It was held in Butuan.

Which individual had a more credible testimony regarding the first mass held in the Philippines?

Pablo Pastells

Gines de Mafra (correct)

Francisco Collin

Francisco Albo

What led to the arrest of Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora during the Cavite Mutiny?

They opposed the abolition of their privileges. (correct)

They organized the mutiny.

They incited violence against the authorities.

They sent messages to Manila authorities.

What characteristic is associated with Governor General Rafael Izquierdo?

He was considered autocratic. Signup and view all the answers

Which historian is known for their biased account against Filipinos?

Jose Vidal Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of the Cavite Mutiny that occurred on January 20, 1872?

The abolition of labor privileges. Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for dispatching two Spaniards to inform the Manila authorities of the uprising?

Fernado Rojas Signup and view all the answers

Where was Jose Rizal born?

Calamba, Laguna Signup and view all the answers

Who was the honorary chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention?

Sotero Laurel Signup and view all the answers

Which constitution was signed by Laurel during the Japanese occupation?

1943 Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Who was the physician general of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan that was a close friend of Bonifacio?

Pio Valenzuela Signup and view all the answers

What major event did President Corazon Aquino announce on March 25, 1986?

Proclamation No. 3 embodying the 1986 Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Who was the acting chairman of the 1971 Constitutional Convention?

Antonio de las Alas Signup and view all the answers

Where did the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution occur according to Pio Valenzuela's memoirs?

Pugad Lawin Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is celebrated on November 30 in honor of Andres Bonifacio?

Bonifacio Day Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the Kapinsanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) take?

Ratified the 1943 Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Which document outlines the rules for the organization, powers, and functions of the government?

Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Which title did Andres Bonifacio hold within the Katipunan?

Supremo Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when Andres Bonifacio's letter reached the Magdalo council?

Only one representative was sent. Signup and view all the answers

What was Pio Valenzuela tasked with regarding Rizal?

To convince him to join the Katipunan. Signup and view all the answers

What type of constitution is drafted in a book form and can be referenced in legal matters?

Written Constitution Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Rizal was arrested in the course of his journey to Cuba?

He was accused of being involved in the insurrection. Signup and view all the answers

Which Jesuit was claimed to have been instrumental in Rizal's conversion and retraction?

Fr. Balaguer Signup and view all the answers

What significant act did President Diosdado Macapagal perform regarding Philippine Independence Day?

Declared June 12 as Independence Day. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the foremost handwriting experts mentioned in relation to Rizal's retraction?

Beyer and Del Rosario Signup and view all the answers

What event is remembered as the 'Cry of Balintawak'?

The first significant call for Philippine Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

Who claimed that a retraction was not in keeping with Rizal's character?

Senator Rafael Palma Signup and view all the answers

Which event is often associated with the significant change to the Cry of Pugad Lawin?

The first cry of the Philippine Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What was Rizal's relation to la Liga Filipina?

He was a founding member and financially supported it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a Rigid Constitution?

It is subject to a complicated amendment process requiring special voting thresholds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Flexible Constitution?

It can be amended easily and passed like ordinary laws. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an Evolved Constitution from an Enacted Constitution?

An Enacted Constitution is passed by a designated assembly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a quality of a well-written constitution?

It should outline objectives to a measurable extent. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the president of the assembly that adopted the 1887 'BI-AK NA BATO' Constitution?

Emilio Aguinaldo Signup and view all the answers

Which constitution served as a basis for the 1899 'MALOLOS' Constitution?

The French constitution Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Tydings-McDuffie Law?

To establish the 1934 Constitutional Convention. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the oldest and youngest members of the 1934 Constitutional Convention?

Vinson was the oldest member and Sandiko was the youngest. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Accounts of the First Mass in the Philippines

Francisco Collin: Claimed that the first mass, planting of the cross, and formal possession of the island occurred in Limasawa. His account became vague when he described Magellan's arrival in Butuan.
Francisco Albo: Did not mention the first mass. He suggested the planting of the cross and formal possession of the archipelago for the Castilian Crown took place in Butuan. Although he did not mention the first mass, Albo recorded the planting of the cross on a mountaintop visible to the top of three islands, fitting the southern end of Limasawa.
Fr. Pablo Pastells: Rediscovering and studying Pigaffeta and Albo's log led him to realize that the first mass in Butuan was erroneous.
Gines de Mafra: His account, completed after his second visit to Limasawa in 1543 as a pilot in the Villalobos expedition, mentioned the king of Limasawa. He stated that the first mass was held in Butuan and not in Limasawa. His testimony holds more weight than Pigafetta and Albo.

The Cavite Mutiny

Occurred on January 20, 1872, at the height of the secularization controversy.
Triggered by Governor General Rafael Izquierdo abolishing privileges enjoyed by laborers of the Cavite arsenal, such as exemption from tribute and forced labor.
Resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, who were tried for rebellion.

Key Figures in the Cavite Mutiny and its Aftermath

Rafael Izquierdo: Spanish Governor General and Captain General of the Philippines, known for his autocratic rule. His policies were opposed by the liberal-minded Governor General De la Torre.
Jose Vidal: One of the most knowledgeable Spanish historians known for his bias against Filipinos.
Trinidad de Tavera: Commented that Vidal's account was biased.
Sargent la Madrid: Assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife.
Fernando Rojas: Sent two Spaniards to inform Manila authorities of the uprising, but they were met by natives.

Jose Rizal and the Retraction

Born in Calamba, Laguna.
Studied at Ateneo Municipal and University of Santo Tomas before traveling to Europe for medical studies.
Wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo expressing his political ideas and predicting the coming revolution.
Founded La Liga Filipina but was arrested and exiled to Dapitan.
Allowed to return to Manila to sail for Cuba as a military doctor, but was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
Accused of being the main organizer and leader of the Philippine insurrection.
Executed at Bagumbayan Field on December 30, 1896.
Jesuits who were with Rizal in the last hour of his life:
- Fr. Mata, Fr. Rosell, Fr. Viza, Fr. Villaclara, Fr. Faura, and Fr. Balaguer.
Fr. Pio Pi, a survivor of the Jesuits in the Philippines, claimed to have composed the formula of retraction and profession of faith presented to Rizal.
Alleged witnesses of Rizal's retraction: Juan del Fresno (chief of the picket) and Ely Moure (adjutant of the plaza).

Experts on Rizal's Retraction

Beyer and Del Rosario: Two foremost handwriting experts in the Philippines.
Senator Rafael Palma: Former president of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason. He claimed a retraction was not in keeping with Rizal's character and beliefs.
Austin Coats: A British writer who analyzed Rizal's retraction in his book Rizal: the Nationalist and Martyr.
Leon Ma. Guerrero III: Affirmed the authenticity of Rizal's retraction in his book The First Filipino, a biography of Rizal.

Debates over the Cry of the Philippine Revolution

President Diosdado Macapagal: Signed Proclamation No. 28 in 1962, declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day.
Guillermo Masangkay: A Katipunan general and childhood friend of Andres Bonifacio. He claimed that the first cry of the Philippine Revolution occurred in Balintawak, Caloocan. He was responsible for a law declaring November 30 as "Bonifacio Day" and the erection of a Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan City.
Pio Valenzuela: Physician General of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan and close friend of Bonifacio. He claimed that the first cry of the Philippine Revolution happened at Pugad Lawin. He was Bonifacio's messenger to Rizal, tasked with convincing him to join the Katipunan, but failed. He surrendered to Governor General Ramon Blanco.
Teodoro Agoncillo: Strengthened Valenzuela's view of the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution.
Emilio Aguinaldo's Memoir of the Revolution: Details the events that occurred at Pugad Lawin where more than 1,000 members of the Katipunan met to discuss the start of the revolution.

Key Developments in the Formation and Evolution of the Philippine Constitution

The 1887 Biak-na-Bato Constitution: The basis of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. It was drawn up and proclaimed in Naic, Cavite. It was largely copied from the 1815 Cuban constitution of Jimaguayer.
The 1899 Malolos Constitution: Pedro Paterno was the president of the Malolos Congress. The French Constitution served as a basis, but the constitutions of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala were also referenced. Emilio Aguinaldo signed the Malolos Constitution.
The 1935 Constitution:
- Result of the Tydings-McDuffie Law or Philippine Independence Act, which called for the 1934 Constitutional Convention.
- Act 4125, known as the Convention Bill.
- Manuel Quezon formally opened the 1934 Constitutional Convention.
- Laurel was the honorary chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention.
- Recto was elected as the president of the 1934 Constitutional Convention.
- Arguego headed the bicameralist group of the convention.
- Romero headed the unicameralist group of the convention.
The 1943 Constitution:
- Created by the Japanese-sponsored government during World War II.
- Japanese premier Tojo promised independence to Filipinos.
- Laurel signed the 1943 constitution.
- Kapinsanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) ratified the 1945 constitution.
The 1973 Constitution:
- Result of Republic Act No. 6132, known as the Constitutional Convention of 1971.
- Gordon was the youngest member of the 1971 Constitutional Convention.
- Antonio de las Alas was the oldest delegate of the constitution.
- De las Alas was the acting chairman.
- Liwag was elected temporary chairman.
- Sotero Laurel was the convention's president until a new president was elected.
- Diosdado Macapagal was elected president of the convention.

Post-Marcos Constitutions

The 1986 "Freedom" Constitution: Issued by President Corazon Aquino in Proclamation No. 3 on March 25, 1988. It included:
- Implementation of reforms and reorganizations in the government.
- Adoption of a new constitution.
- An orderly transition to a government operating under a new constitution.
The 1987 Constitution:
- President Cory Aquino enacted Proclamation No. 9, summoning the Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution.
- Jose Gascon was the youngest member.
- Roberto Conception was the oldest.
- President Cory Aquino signed the 1987 Constitution as president.

Qualities of a Well-Written Constitution

Brief: Outlines the objectives of the state to a measurable extent and not a limited scope.
Broad: It covers a comprehensive range, making it flexible and easily acceptable.
Definite: It must not include vague, unclear words or phrases with multiple interpretations, as this could cause conflict.

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Description

Explore the historical accounts surrounding the first mass in the Philippines, focusing on various perspectives from figures like Francisco Collin and Francisco Albo. Delve into the debates over locations such as Limasawa and Butuan, and understand the significance of these events in the context of Philippine history.