First Aid Resuscitation (CPR) Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the most common triggers of allergic reactions?

Pet dander

Latex

Plant pollen (correct)

Dust mites

Which symptom is NOT a key sign of a severe allergic reaction?

Difficulty breathing

Swelling of the tongue and throat

Anxiety

Chronic fatigue (correct)

What should you do first if someone is experiencing severe allergic reaction symptoms?

Dial 155 or 112 for emergency help (correct)

Administer water to help swallow

Apply an ice pack to the affected area

Encourage them to breathe deeply

Which device is used to administer adrenaline for severe allergic reactions?

Auto-injector Signup and view all the answers

What position should a person experiencing breathing difficulty from an allergic reaction take?

Sitting up and leaning forward slightly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of untreated severe allergic reactions?

Death Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if the person becomes unresponsive during an allergic reaction?

Open their airway and check for breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct technique to ensure the airway remains open while minimizing neck movement in a suspected spinal injury?

Jaw thrust technique Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT typically considered an allergen?

Baking soda Signup and view all the answers

What should you NOT do if the casualty is suspected to have a spinal injury?

Tilting their head to open the airway Signup and view all the answers

Once the casualty is safely in the recovery position, what is the next immediate step you should take?

Call emergency services Signup and view all the answers

When checking for normal breathing, what methods should be employed?

Look for chest movement and feel breaths Signup and view all the answers

What action should you take if a child is unresponsive but still breathing normally?

Put them in the recovery position Signup and view all the answers

If a casualty stops breathing, what is the first action you should take?

Call emergency services immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is an important condition to check before placing an unresponsive child into the recovery position?

If they have a spinal injury Signup and view all the answers

During the process of assessing an unresponsive child, how long should you check for normal breathing?

Ten seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of loosening tight clothing around the neck, chest, and waist during a medical emergency?

To ensure unrestricted blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended first step when assisting someone during an asthma attack?

Reassure them and guide them to breathe slowly and deeply. Signup and view all the answers

In the event of an asthma attack, which symptom is considered the most serious?

Grey-blue tinge to the lips. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial initial step when treating dehydration?

Help them to sit down and give them plenty of water to drink Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a severe burn that requires emergency medical help?

A burn larger than the casualty's hand Signup and view all the answers

When should the inhaler be used again after taking initial puffs during a severe asthma attack?

One or two puffs every two minutes until 10 puffs are taken. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional response that can worsen shock in a medical emergency?

Fear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method to cool a burn effectively?

Run cool water over the burn for at least ten minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a recommended action while waiting for help during a medical emergency?

Leave the scene to find help immediately. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with burns or scalds?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following breathing disorders involves a potentially life-threatening situation where air does not reach the lungs?

Choking. Signup and view all the answers

What should you NOT do when treating a burn?

Cool the burn with ice or gel Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial action to take if someone becomes unresponsive in a medical emergency?

Open their airway and check their breathing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue if someone suffers from frostbite?

Tissues freezing due to low temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take after a person has suffered a burn?

Start cooling the burn immediately Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is suitable if a person exhibits signs of shock from a burn?

Have them sit down and elevate their legs Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical symptom indicating potential alcohol poisoning?

Deep, noisy breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which action should NOT be taken if someone is suspected to have alcohol poisoning?

Encourage them to vomit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method through which poisons can enter the body?

Transmission through sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of severe alcohol poisoning?

Slowed or shut down breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates that someone may be experiencing drug poisoning?

Sleepiness leading to unresponsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is advised if a person suspected of alcohol poisoning is unresponsive?

Place them in the recovery position Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms typically does NOT indicate drug poisoning?

Rash on the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step in assessing someone who may have alcohol poisoning?

Check their level of response and pulse Signup and view all the answers

What should be done first if someone is unresponsive after drug use?

Open their airway and check their breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with food poisoning?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for giving someone with food poisoning plenty of water?

To prevent dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

How long after eating contaminated food can symptoms of food poisoning take to appear?

Up to 3 days Signup and view all the answers

Which action is incorrect when assisting someone who might have taken drugs?

Encourage them to sleep it off. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suitable method to replace fluids lost through vomiting and diarrhoea?

Oral rehydration solution. Signup and view all the answers

What should you NOT do while waiting for medical help in a drug-related emergency?

Leave them alone to avoid distress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of checking pupils during a drug-related emergency?

To assess for potential drug overdose symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

First Aid (Syllabus)

General Medicine is the subject
Teodor Bachleda, MD, PhD., MBA, DESA is the instructor.

Resuscitation (CPR)

Unresponsive: When someone looks like they're asleep but doesn't respond to noise or touch.
Breathing Differently: Unresponsive person breathing unusually.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain a person's heart and circulation.
Recovery Position: Position for the person after CPR to preserve their airway.

Unresponsive and Breathing Adult

Open the airway: Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway.
Check breathing: Look, listen and feel for breathing for no more than 10 seconds.
Recovery position: Kneel beside then roll onto their side, placing their arm nearest you at a right angle to their body, with palm up, and their other arm across their chest. Lift the far knee and pull up until the foot is flat. Carefully roll the person to their side.

Unresponsive and Breathing Child

Open the airway: Place one hand on the child's forehead, gently tilt their head back, and lift the chin, using the fingertips of the other hand.
Check breathing: Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for no more than ten seconds
Recovery position: Put the person in a recovery position, like an adult.

Unresponsive and Not Breathing Adult

Open the airway: Place one hand on the casualty's forehead and two fingers under their chin; gently tilt the head back and lift the chin.
Check breathing: Maintain the head tilt and chin lift, look for chest movement. Listen for the sounds of normal breathing and feel for breaths on your cheek for no more than 10 seconds
Call for help and start CPR: Call 155 or 112 and start CPR
Giving chest compressions: Kneel beside the casualty on the floor, level with their chest. Place the heel of one hand towards the end of their breastbone, in the center of their chest. Press down vertically on the breastbone, and press the chest down by 5–6 cm, release pressing without removing your hands
Giving rescue breaths: Ensure the casualty's airway is open. Pinch their nose firmly closed; take a deep breath and seal your lips around their mouth and blow into the mouth until the chest rises.

Unresponsive and Not Breathing Child

Open airway: Place one hand on the child's forehead and gently tilt their head back. Place the fingertips of the other hand on the point of their chin and lift it.
Check breathing: Look for chest movement, listen for sounds, and feel for breaths on your cheek. Do this for no longer than ten seconds.
Recovery Position: Same as the adult recovery position.
CPR on a child: First aid that involves chest compressions and rescue breaths until help arrives.

Unresponsive and Not Breathing Baby

Open airway: Place one hand on the baby's forehead and gently tilt the head back and place one fingertip of the other hand on the point of the baby’s chin.
Check breathing: Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than ten seconds
Recovery Position: Lay the baby on their back, keeping airway open.
CPR on a baby; Same as the adult recovery position

Using a Defibrillator (AED)

Use visual and voice prompts to guide you through each step.

Heart Disorders

Angina: Chest pain due to reduced blood supply to the heart.
Cardiac arrest: The heart suddenly stops beating effectively, causing loss of responsiveness and breathing.
Heart attack: Obstruction of blood supply to the heart, leading to pain or potential cardiac arrest.
Shock: Disruption of blood flow to the brain leading to changes in function and potential loss of responsiveness.

Fainting

Fainting is a brief loss of responsiveness, caused by a decreased blood flow to the brain. Usually followed by normal recovery. First aid: Have them lie down, raise their legs, and ensure plenty of fresh air.

Angina Attack

Chest pain, typically radiating to jaw, neck, or arm.
May ease when resting or taking medication.
Symptoms: Pain, shortness of breath, and sudden tiredness. First aid: Have the patient sit down; reassure them; if they have any angina medication, help them take it. If the pain continues or returns after five minutes after medication, call for an ambulance immediately.

Cardiac Arrest

Sudden loss of responsiveness, no breathing, and no pulse or movement.
Immediate CPR and defibrillator (AED) use are critical. First aid: Call 155 or 112, start CPR (using the AED if available).

Drowning

If someone is rescued from drowning, check for breathing or pulse. If breathing is not normal or absent, perform CPR immediately
First aid: Rescue then check breathing/pulse, call for help, cover casualty in warm clothes, replace wet clothes with dry clothes, keep checking breathing/pulse.

Hyperventilation

Excessive breathing, often triggered by anxiety and panic. First aid: Tell the person to lie down, assure them and stay with them. If they’re losing responsiveness or have no improvement after some time, then call for help.

Bleeding

Various types, depending on severity.
Elevated wound and applying pressure are primary treatments.

Nose Bleeds

Result from ruptured blood vessels inside the nostrils.
Control bleeding by elevating the head, pinching the nostrils, and letting the blood drain out.

Severe Bleeding

Severe bleeding requiring first aid.
Apply direct pressure, elevate, and bandaging are treatments.
Monitor breathing, pulse, and level of responsiveness.

Allergic Reactions

Body's immune response to a substance.
Symptoms: Swelling, itchy skin, difficulty breathing, anxiety.
First Aid: Get emergency help, and assess if the person is breathing.

Diabetic Emergency

Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar, symptoms of warm dry skin, rapid pulse and breathing, fruity breath, excessive thirst.
Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar. Symptoms of weakness, faintness, confusion, sweating, rapid or irregular heart rate.

Meningitis

Meningitis is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms: flu-like illness with a temperature, cold hands/feet, joint & limb pain, blotchy or pale skin, as the infection develops; severe headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, eyes sensitive to light, drowsiness, high pitched moaning.
First aid treatment: Call 155 or 112 for immediate help, and check breathing, pulse, and level of response.

Seizures

Seizures involve uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain resulting in convulsive movements or loss of consciousness. Key symptoms: Sudden loss of responsiveness, stiff body; noisy breathing; convulsive jerky movements, possible loss of bladder/bowel control, confusion/tiredness after.
First aid treatment: Don't stop/restrain them; clear away any potential obstacles; loosely loosen their clothing; open airway and check breathing; recover position for breathing; and call 155 or 112 for emergency medical help & record time.

Stroke

Stroke is when blood flow to part of the brain is cut off, causing brain damage. Key symptoms: use FAST test (Face, Arms, Speech, Time).

Heat and Cold Disorders

Dehydration: Excessive loss of fluids through sweating, vomiting or diarrhea. Symptoms: headache, lightheadedness, dry mouth, little dark urine. Encourage plenty of fluids and rehydration solution; rest in a cool place, and then elevate the legs, and call for help if needed.
Heat exhaustion: Severe overexertion in heat. Treat by moving to a cool place, removing clothing, and giving fluids and electrolyte solution.
Heat rash: Skin rash and irritation. Treat with cool compresses, and loose lightweight clothing.
Frostbite: Skin tissue freezing due to cold. Symptoms: pins and needles followed by numbness and skin colour change. Treat by warming the area slowly, avoiding friction and rubbing. First aid: move to an enclosed place, warm slowly (if able) with your hands or warm water (not hot water); Cover them with layers of blankets and warm the room carefully; If they become unresponsive; call 155 or 112, open airway, and check breathing.
Heatstroke: Severe heat illness. Symptoms: headache, dizziness, confusion, hot flushed dry skin, rapid pulse, and possible loss of consciousness. Handle quickly and call 155 or 112; move to cool place, remove clothing, and cool the body.

Burns and Scalds

Burns are injuries to the skin caused by heat. Severity varies from minor to severe burns.
First aid treatment: Cool the burn immediately; assess the severity of burn; cover with a clean, non-fluffy material; call 155 or 112 for severe burns.

Sunburn

Skin damage due to excessive sun exposure. Key symptoms: reddened skin; pain where the burn is located; and blisters. First aid treatment: encourage them to cool down and move away from the intense heat, apply calamine lotion.

Fever

Fever is a high temperature. Key symptoms: high temperature (above 37°, hot, flushed skin; sweating; headache; general aches and pains. First aid treatment: make the person comfortable, cool them down, and give paracetamol or ibuprofen and keep checking breathing & pulse.

Poisoning

Alcohol poisoning: Dangerous alcohol consumption. Symptoms: strong smell of alcohol, slurred speech, vomiting, red face and moist skin. Help the person to sit down, reassure them.
Drug poisoning: Overdose or ingestion of a toxic substance. Symptoms: vary based on the drug. Assess if there is a medicine container/packaging. Call 155 or 112; check breathing and pulse.
Food poisoning: Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, headache. First aid: have them lie down, rest, give them plenty of water.
Carbon monoxide poisoning: Exposure to carbon monoxide gas. Symptoms: headaches, confusion, feeling aggressive, nausea and vomiting, grey-blue skin. First Aid: move them to fresh air and call emergency services.

Broken Bones and Fractures

A break in a bone.
Key symptoms: swelling, difficulty moving, unnatural movement direction, a limb that looks shorter or twisted, and possibly a grating noise (crepitus).
First aid: cover the wound with a sterile dressing; apply pressure above and below the wound. Support the injured area to prevent further movement. Apply emergency first aid. Call emergency services (155/112).

Dislocated Joints

Displacement of a joint from its normal position.
Key symptoms: strong pain, inability to move, swelling, bruising, shortening or bending of the joint, joint deformity.
First aid: advise them to stay still, support the injured area/joint, and seek medical attention for help/treatment. Support the joint with a bandage or sling.

Spinal Injury

Injury to the spinal cord.
Key symptoms: extreme pain, loss of movement, altered sensation in the affected area, loss of bowel/bladder control, possible permanent damage.
First aid: don’t move the person unless in danger; support the injured area, and seek medical attention (call 155/112).

Strains and Sprains

Strains occur when muscles or tendons are stretched or torn, sprains when ligaments are injured/torn.
Key symptoms: pain, tenderness, swelling, bruising, difficulty moving.
First aid: rest, ice, compression/support, elevation (RICE).

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of resuscitation, specifically Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). You'll learn how to identify unresponsive individuals, the correct techniques for CPR, and how to position someone in recovery after administering aid. Test your knowledge on these life-saving skills and procedures.