First Aid for Criminal Justice Officers Unit 1

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Questions and Answers

According to the CJSTC standards, what is a vital role of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

Assisting EMS personnel in transporting patients

Investigating the cause of the emergency

Maintaining the crime scene

Delivering emergency first aid to patients who experience sudden illness or injury (correct)

Why is the role of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid so vital?

Because they are the first ones to arrive at the scene

Because they are responsible for the patient in the first few minutes after the event (correct)

Because they have the most medical training

Because they are the only ones allowed to provide first aid

What should a criminal justice officer do to ensure they are in control of the emergency scene?

Take charge and give directions to bystanders

Maintain your composure and communicate clearly (correct)

Shout orders at everyone

Call for backup immediately

What are some responsibilities of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid, besides correcting breathing problems and stopping bleeding?

Preventing more injuries, performing proper assessments, and gathering medical histories Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between negligence and abandonment?

Failure to provide care versus failure to continue care Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between a duty to act and a breach of the standard of care?

A duty to act involves an obligation to take action, while a breach of the standard of care involves failing to take action. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of abandonment?

Stopping care without ensuring continuity of care. Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for negligence to occur?

All of the above conditions are necessary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of obtaining consent before providing first aid?

To respect the patient's autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can a provider be considered to have abandoned a patient?

When the provider stops providing care without ensuring continued care. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Good Samaritan Act intended to encourage?

Criminal justice first-aid providers to provide care without fear of liability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of the standard of care in providing first aid?

Providing care that is the same as a reasonably prudent person would provide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

To protect first-aid providers from liability for emergency care performed in good faith Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between a breach of the standard of care and negligence?

Negligence occurs when a person fails to meet the expected standard of care, causing harm Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

Providing care within their scope of training and level of training Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between a breach of the standard of care and negligence?

A breach of the standard of care is a necessary condition for negligence, but not sufficient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

To protect first-aid providers from liability for emergency care or treatment performed in good faith. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of the standard of care in providing first aid?

Providing care that a reasonable person would provide in a similar situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

To maintain the patient's best interest and not go beyond the scope of their training. Signup and view all the answers

Who can give consent for an emancipated minor to receive medical treatment?

The emancipated minor themselves Signup and view all the answers

In life-threatening emergencies involving minors, what should you do if the parents will not consent to medical treatment?

Refer to your agency's policies and procedures for guidance Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a medical alert bracelet or necklace?

To alert medical professionals to a specific medical condition Signup and view all the answers

Can a criminal justice first-aid provider withhold CPR from a patient with a DNR order?

No, regardless of the patient's DNR status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of obtaining consent before providing first aid?

To respect the patient's autonomy and right to make decisions Signup and view all the answers

What type of consent is when a patient is unconscious and in need of emergency care?

Implied consent Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between expressed consent and implied consent?

Expressed consent is given by the patient, while implied consent is assumed by the provider Signup and view all the answers

When is informed consent not required?

During emergency situations Signup and view all the answers

When can a provider assume implied consent?

When the patient is unconscious and in need of emergency care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

To encourage providers to provide emergency care Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element of informed consent in providing first aid?

The patient's understanding of the treatment risks and alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rib cage?

To protect the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Voluntary muscles are controlled by the nervous system, while involuntary muscles are not Signup and view all the answers

What is the central nervous system responsible for?

Supporting higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

To support the organs in the lower abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the upper and lower extremities?

The upper extremities consist of the upper arm, lower arm, wrist, hand, and finger bones, while the lower extremities consist of the upper leg, lower leg, ankle, and foot bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in the human body?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and remove waste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying blood to the upper arm?

Brachial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system in the human body?

To provide structural support to the body and protect vital organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

Vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

To connect arteries to veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the respiratory system of infants and children compared to adults?

Infants and children have a narrower, softer, and more flexible windpipe Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

To keep food and other foreign objects from entering the windpipe Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageway that connects the upper airway with the lower airway?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the head and neck?

Carotid artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system in the human body?

To deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the respiratory system of infants and children compared to adults?

Their tongues take up proportionally more space in their mouths, and their windpipes are narrower and softer Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

To keep food and other foreign objects from entering the windpipe Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the passageway that connects the upper airway with the lower airway?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system in the human body?

To support the body's shape and facilitate muscle movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Voluntary muscles are controlled by the nervous system, while involuntary muscles are not Signup and view all the answers

What is the central nervous system responsible for?

Supporting higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

To protect the reproductive organs and support the organs in the lower abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the upper and lower extremities?

The upper extremities consist of the arm, forearm, and hand, while the lower extremities consist of the leg, lower leg, and foot Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

To provide oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?

To pump blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessel that supplies blood to the upper arm?

Brachial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

To exchange oxygen and nutrients with the body's tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

To support the body's framework Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

Vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rib cage?

To protect the heart and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?

To pump blood throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the artery that supplies blood to the head and neck?

Carotid artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in the human body?

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

Vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogens can be found in human blood?

Bloodborne pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way pathogens can be transmitted?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when encountering bodily fluids?

Treat them as potentially infectious Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of universal precautions?

To prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens to first-aid or health-care providers Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a bodily fluid?

Saliva Signup and view all the answers

How can airborne pathogens be transmitted?

Through the air on dust particles, and respiratory and moisture droplets Signup and view all the answers

What should you do to prepare for potential infectious diseases?

Stay aware of your community and know the ways infectious diseases can spread Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way to get infected with pathogens?

Through needlesticks and other sharps-related or sharp-device related injuries Signup and view all the answers

What type of contact can lead to the transmission of pathogens?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of knowing how infectious diseases spread?

To prepare accordingly and take precautions Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you encounter multiple patients at the scene?

Prioritize care and triage patients based on their injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of relaying scene size-up information?

Verbally transmitting all gathered information concisely Signup and view all the answers

What may be necessary in rollover car crashes to locate all patients?

Questioning bystanders and witnesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the scene for the need for more responders or special equipment?

To relay accurate information to responding units Signup and view all the answers

What is the first component of scene size-up that a criminal justice officer should perform?

Scene safety Signup and view all the answers

Why is scene size-up important for criminal justice officers?

To communicate scene information with other responders Signup and view all the answers

When should scene size-up be performed?

As soon as the officer receives notice from dispatch Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the scene before providing emergency first aid?

To ensure the safety of the responder and others at the scene Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the mechanism of injury or nature of illness in scene assessment?

It helps judge the extent of injury or illness and determine the type of patient Signup and view all the answers

What should a responder do if the scene is unsafe and they have no means to make it safe?

Do not enter the scene and try to provide verbal direction from outside Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of scene size-up?

Assessing the safety of the scene and determining the best approach to providing care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using the DOTS acronym in patient assessment?

To identify deformities, open injuries, tenderness, and swelling Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'T' in DOTS stand for during patient assessment?

Tenderness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing P in the PMS assessment?

To determine if the patient has a pulse or not Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence for assessing a patient?

Primary assessment, then secondary assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing for open injuries during the secondary assessment?

To find external bleeding and control it immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing for swelling during the secondary assessment?

To assess for soft-tissue injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of squeezing inward on the pelvis and groin area during patient assessment?

To check for tenderness or deformities Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to maintain strict spinal precautions when rolling a patient to check their back?

To prevent further spinal injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gathering patient medical history during a secondary assessment?

To relay information to EMS Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to check for bleeding or injury in the groin area during patient assessment?

Bleeding in this area may be life-threatening Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method for calculating a patient's average pulse rate?

Count the number of beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 Signup and view all the answers

How often should a patient be reassessed during an ongoing assessment?

Every 15 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What information should be included in a patient's report when handing them off to medical personnel?

All the information gathered during the primary and secondary assessments Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recording a patient's breathing rate?

To assess the patient's response to treatment Signup and view all the answers

What should responders do if a patient is taking medication?

Note the time of the last dose Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ask a patient about their allergies during a secondary assessment?

To identify potential allergic reactions to medication Signup and view all the answers

What should responders do if a patient is experiencing a sudden illness or injury?

Note the time of the injury or sudden illness Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator of brain trauma in a patient?

Discoloration behind the ears (Battle's sign) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of flashing a low candlepower penlight at a patient's pupils?

To detect the presence of alcohol, drugs, or other substances Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of nonreactive pupils in a patient?

Pupils that do not react to light Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of examining the patient's head?

To check for fluid loss from the ears or nose Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of severe brain damage in a patient?

Nonreactive pupils Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of asking the patient to wiggle their fingers and toes?

To check for numbness or tingling Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of trauma in the patient's neck?

Swelling or bruising Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of feeling the chest for areas of pain or tenderness?

To check for fractured ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of internal injury or pregnancy?

Tenderness in the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of examining the patient's eyes?

To examine the patient's pupils for signs of trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using the DOTS acronym during a secondary assessment?

To identify potential injuries or abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

When should a criminal justice officer conduct a secondary assessment?

Only after the primary assessment concerns have been addressed Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'M' in PMS stand for during a secondary assessment?

Motor function Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a comprehensive physical assessment?

To systematically inspect and touch each body part Signup and view all the answers

What should a criminal justice officer do if they are unable to complete a secondary assessment?

Continue to address primary assessment concerns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the DOTS and PMS acronyms during a secondary assessment?

DOTS is used for body parts, while PMS is used for extremities Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you find that one leg is shorter than the other during a physical assessment?

Indicate a fracture of the femur Signup and view all the answers

How should you assess the patient's circulation in the fingers during a physical assessment?

Ask the patient to hold your fingers and squeeze them simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the spine and back during a physical assessment?

To identify potential spinal fractures or deformities Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if the patient is unconscious during a physical assessment?

Begin by questioning family members or bystanders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assessing the level of consciousness in a patient?

To determine the patient's awareness of their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of steps in conducting a primary assessment?

Scene size-up, primary assessment, secondary assessment Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'V' stand for in the AVPU scale?

Verbal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the primary assessment?

To identify and address any immediate life-threatening conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the AVPU scale?

Alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the secondary assessment?

To perform a thorough, full head-to-toe assessment of the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the primary and secondary assessments?

The primary assessment is focused on identifying immediate life-threatening conditions, while the secondary assessment is a thorough, full head-to-toe assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of a patient who is 'alert' according to the AVPU scale?

A patient who is fully awake and aware of their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of immediate life-saving interventions in a mass casualty incident?

Rapidly evaluating all patients to determine the order of medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the START method of triage?

Use BSI and appropriate PPE Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a respiratory rate of 30 or fewer breaths per minute in the START method of triage?

The patient requires immediate medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the RPM mnemonic in the START method of triage?

To assess respirations, perfusion, and mental status Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a black tag in the START method of triage?

The patient is deceased and non-salvageable Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in assessing a patient's respiratory status in the START method of triage?

Assess respirations Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a yellow tag in the START method of triage?

The patient can be delayed for medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of triage ribbons in the START method of triage?

To identify and categorize patients for medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sign of inadequate breathing?

Labored or painful breathing Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pulse point to check for an infant?

Upper arm, near the inside of the elbow Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a capillary refill time test?

To assess for adequate circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a patient having no visible rise and fall of the chest or abdomen?

The patient has stopped breathing Signup and view all the answers

How do you assess a patients average breathing rate?

Count the number of breaths taken over fifteen seconds and then multiply this number by four. Signup and view all the answers

When should you perform an emergency move on a patient?

When the patient is in immediate danger or their location prevents providing care to them or another patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to lift a patient?

Lift with your legs, hips, and buttocks, keeping the patient close to your body Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to maintain correct alignment of your spine, shoulders, hips, and feet when lifting a patient?

To avoid straining your back and injuring yourself Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of placing a patient in the recovery position?

To prevent breathing restrictions and maintain an open airway Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to perform when moving a patient?

Wearing appropriate PPE Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of placing a patient in a recovery position or position of comfort?

To avoid positional asphyxia in a non-emergency situation Signup and view all the answers

Why may you need to move a patient in an emergency situation?

To reposition them in response to their changing medical conditions Signup and view all the answers

What may specialized personnel, such as firefighters and EMS, ask you to do during a rescue?

Render emergency first aid or provide protection to a patient Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when EMS arrives?

Relay scene and patient information to medical responders Signup and view all the answers

Why may you need to repeat parts of the secondary assessment?

To detect changes in the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to do when dealing with a patient who has suffered both a traumatic injury and a medical illness?

Treat both the traumatic injury and medical illness Signup and view all the answers

What does the color code 'RED' indicate in the START triage method?

Immediate attention required Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic used to remember the assessment steps in the START method?

RPM Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the walking wounded in the START method?

Move them to a separate area for further assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the category of patients who have a high chance of survival with rapid medical intervention?

Immediate (RED) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the simple triage and rapid treatment process?

Patient categorization Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of treatment or transport for patients in a mass casualty incident?

Immediate, delayed, minimal, expectant Signup and view all the answers

During a multiple agency response, what is the role of the first officer on the scene?

To take control of the scene and begin triage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Incident Command System (ICS) in Florida?

To coordinate multiple agency responses during disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of performing individual patient assessments and rapid life-saving interventions?

To provide immediate medical treatment to patients in need Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you encounter a patient with no radial pulse and a capillary refill time greater than two seconds?

Tag the patient RED Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you identify a patient as a RED in the initial triage phase and transportation is available?

Transport the patient immediately Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you encounter borderline decisions during the triage process?

Triage the patient to the most urgent priority Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of categorizing patients in a mass casualty incident?

To prioritize patients based on the likelihood of survival Signup and view all the answers

In a multiple agency response, what system does Florida implement to manage disaster responses?

Incident Command System (ICS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the first responder in a mass casualty incident?

Taking control of the scene and initiating triage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'YELLOW' category in patient triage?

To identify patients who require delayed treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of treatment or transport in a mass casualty incident?

Immediate, delayed, minimal, expectant Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'GRAY' category in patient triage?

To identify patients who are expectant Signup and view all the answers

When should expectant patients be provided with treatment or transport?

When resources allow Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Incident Command System (ICS) in a multiple agency response?

To coordinate with other responders to manage the scene Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when communicating with juvenile patients during a crisis?

Staying calm and moving slowly Signup and view all the answers

What should you avoid doing when dealing with a juvenile patient in a crisis situation?

Removing the child from the parents Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when dealing with patients who have complex medical devices?

Respectfully asking the patient about the equipment Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when encountering a patient with non-English language needs?

Contact a public safety telecommunicator for an interpreter Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to involve parents or caregivers in the examination and treatment of a juvenile patient?

To provide additional support and comfort Signup and view all the answers

What should you do when encountering a patient with a medical device you are not familiar with?

Ask the patient or caregiver about the device Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of immediate life-saving interventions in a mass casualty incident?

Rapidly evaluating all patients to determine the order of future medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the START method of triage in a mass casualty incident?

To rapidly assess many patients and prioritize medical attention Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the walking wounded in a mass casualty incident?

Remove them to a separate location for triage and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the RPM mnemonic in the START method of triage?

It is used to assess the patient's perfusion and mental status Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using triage ribbons or color-coded plastic strips in a mass casualty incident?

To categorize patients into different priority groups Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Prepare to Respond to a Medical Emergency

Unit 1 consists of 5 lessons: Introduction to First Aid, Legal and Ethical Issues, Patient Communication, Human Body, and Infection Control Basics

Lesson 1: Introduction to First Aid

As the first officer to respond to an emergency, you can make a difference in a life-threatening situation by applying your knowledge, skills, and abilities to stabilize patients until EMS arrives
Before entering the scene, take an overall view of what is happening and maintain situational awareness
Determine if the scene is safe to enter before providing emergency first aid, and prioritize your own safety
Identify possible dangers, which vary greatly depending on the scene type, such as natural disasters, domestic violence calls, nuisance animal calls, and active threat/shooter incidents
Render verbal direction to patients from outside the scene if necessary, and prioritize efficient but composed communication to establish control of the scene

Lesson 2: Legal and Ethical Issues

As a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid, you have a vital role in delivering emergency first aid to patients who experience sudden illness or injury
Your actions in the first few minutes after the event set the foundation for the remainder of the rescue, and correcting breathing problems or stopping bleeding can save a life
Your responsibilities include preventing further injuries, performing assessments, gathering medical histories, and preparing for EMS personnel to arrive

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

As a criminal justice officer, legal and ethical considerations significantly affect your roles and responsibilities.
You must be competent with behavior that is always above reproach and prioritize the public's well-being during an emergency.

Duty to Act

Duty to act refers to your contractual or legal obligation to provide care.
As a correctional officer or correctional probation officer, you have a duty to act only when you are on duty.
As a law enforcement officer, you have a duty to act 24/7 within your jurisdictional boundaries.
You must provide first aid following a use of force incident if the person detained or in custody sustained injuries or requires medical attention.

Medical Alerts

A medical alert can provide important information about a patient's medical condition.
If the patient can gain access to their phone, ask for their ICE (In Case of Emergency) contact person who may be able to provide medical alert information.
Be aware that the medical emergency may not always be related to the medical condition on the medical alert.

HIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects patients' privacy and confidentiality.
A patient's medical history, condition, and health-care treatment is confidential information.
You must obtain a patient's signature or permission before releasing any medical information, except when relaying information to EMS.

Scene Evidence

You may respond to a call that could be both a crime scene and a medical emergency.
The Good Samaritan Act affects the criminal justice first-aid provider.

Abandonment

Abandonment is giving up a right or interest with the intention of never again claiming it.
You abandon the patient when you stop providing care without ensuring that the patient continues or begins to receive the same or better care.

Negligence

Negligence is defined as the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation.
Negligence occurs when there is a duty to act, breach of standard of care, causation, and damages.

Before providing first aid, you must gain the patient's consent or permission.
You must prioritize the patient's autonomy and decision-making capacity when seeking consent.

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

As a criminal justice officer, legal and ethical considerations significantly affect your roles and responsibilities.
You must be competent with behavior that is always above reproach and prioritize the public's well-being during an emergency.

Duty to Act

Duty to act refers to your contractual or legal obligation to provide care.
As a correctional officer or correctional probation officer, you have a duty to act only when you are on duty.
As a law enforcement officer, you have a duty to act 24/7 within your jurisdictional boundaries.
You must provide first aid following a use of force incident if the person detained or in custody sustained injuries or requires medical attention.

Medical Alerts

A medical alert can provide important information about a patient's medical condition.
If the patient can gain access to their phone, ask for their ICE (In Case of Emergency) contact person who may be able to provide medical alert information.
Be aware that the medical emergency may not always be related to the medical condition on the medical alert.

HIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects patients' privacy and confidentiality.
A patient's medical history, condition, and health-care treatment is confidential information.
You must obtain a patient's signature or permission before releasing any medical information, except when relaying information to EMS.

Scene Evidence

You may respond to a call that could be both a crime scene and a medical emergency.
The Good Samaritan Act affects the criminal justice first-aid provider.

Abandonment

Abandonment is giving up a right or interest with the intention of never again claiming it.
You abandon the patient when you stop providing care without ensuring that the patient continues or begins to receive the same or better care.

Negligence

Negligence is defined as the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation.
Negligence occurs when there is a duty to act, breach of standard of care, causation, and damages.

Before providing first aid, you must gain the patient's consent or permission.
You must prioritize the patient's autonomy and decision-making capacity when seeking consent.

Standard of Care

Defined as the degree of care a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation
Refers to the care a criminal justice first aid-provider with the same level of training would provide in the same conditions
Example: providing CPR is within the scope of care, but performing open-heart surgery is not

Good Samaritan Act

Protects first-aid providers from liability for emergency care or treatment performed in good faith
Provides a defense if the standard of care was followed
Does not prevent lawsuits, but protects providers who acted in good faith
Applies to law enforcement officers acting outside their jurisdictions and correctional officers during off-duty hours

Duty to Act

Refers to the contractual or legal obligation to provide care
Applies to correctional officers and correctional probation officers on duty and law enforcement officers 24/7 within their jurisdiction
Includes the duty to render first aid following a use of force incident when injuries are evident
Breach of duty occurs when failing to act or acting inappropriately

Abandonment

Defined as giving up a right or interest with the intention of never again claiming it
Occurs when stopping care without ensuring the patient continues to receive the same or better care
Providers should continue providing emergency first aid until a medical professional with the same or higher-level training replaces them

Negligence

Defined as the failure to exercise the standard of care a reasonably prudent person would have exercised
Occurs when there is a duty to act, a breach of standard of care, causation, and damages
Examples of breach of standard of care include failing to provide CPR when trained to do so

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

Placing the public's well-being first during an emergency helps reduce the likelihood of acting unethically
Important to ask for and receive a patient's consent, document refusal of treatment, and maintain patient confidentiality

Providers should gain the patient's consent or permission before providing first aid

Abandonment

Abandonment is giving up a patient's care without ensuring they continue to receive the same or better care.
A criminal justice first-aid provider should continue providing emergency first aid until another medical professional with the same or higher-level training replaces them or they are unable to continue.

Negligence

Negligence is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation.
Negligence occurs when there is a duty to act, a breach of standard of care, causation, and damages.
A criminal justice first-aid provider can be liable for negligence if they fail to act or act in a manner that a reasonable person with the same level of training would not act.

A criminal justice first-aid provider must obtain a patient's consent or permission before providing first aid.
Consider an adult incompetent if they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs, have a serious illness, or have a mental disability.
Competent adults have the right to refuse treatment verbally or non-verbally and can withdraw from treatment after it begins.
In life-threatening situations, begin first aid immediately if the patient loses consciousness and you believe a life-threatening situation exists.

In Florida, children younger than 18 are minors and require a parent or legal guardian's permission before providing care.
In life-threatening emergencies or emergencies that could result in disability, provide emergency first aid based on the principle of implied consent.
An emancipated minor is either financially independent, does not live with a parent or caregiver, is married, or is an active member of the military.

Standard of Care

Standard of care is the degree of care that a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation.
A criminal justice first-aid provider is expected to provide care to the same patient under the same conditions as would any other first-aid provider with the same level of training.
The standard of care involves giving attention to possible dangers, mistakes, and pitfalls, and ways of minimizing those risks.

Good Samaritan Act

The Good Samaritan Act protects a first-aid provider from liability for emergency care or treatment performed in good faith or emergency care or treatment that would be expected of another first-aid provider with equal training.
The Act does not stop someone from filing a lawsuit but provides a defense if you performed according to the standard of care for a first-aid provider.
The Act may provide protection for law enforcement officers when they are acting outside their jurisdictions and correctional officers and correctional probation officers when they are providing care during off-duty hours.

Abandonment

Abandonment is giving up a patient's care without ensuring they continue to receive the same or better care.
A criminal justice first-aid provider should continue providing emergency first aid until another medical professional with the same or higher-level training replaces them or they are unable to continue.

Negligence

Negligence is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation.
Negligence occurs when there is a duty to act, a breach of standard of care, causation, and damages.
A criminal justice first-aid provider can be liable for negligence if they fail to act or act in a manner that a reasonable person with the same level of training would not act.

A criminal justice first-aid provider must obtain a patient's consent or permission before providing first aid.
Consider an adult incompetent if they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs, have a serious illness, or have a mental disability.
Competent adults have the right to refuse treatment verbally or non-verbally and can withdraw from treatment after it begins.
In life-threatening situations, begin first aid immediately if the patient loses consciousness and you believe a life-threatening situation exists.

In Florida, children younger than 18 are minors and require a parent or legal guardian's permission before providing care.
In life-threatening emergencies or emergencies that could result in disability, provide emergency first aid based on the principle of implied consent.
An emancipated minor is either financially independent, does not live with a parent or caregiver, is married, or is an active member of the military.

Standard of Care

Standard of care is the degree of care that a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation.
A criminal justice first-aid provider is expected to provide care to the same patient under the same conditions as would any other first-aid provider with the same level of training.
The standard of care involves giving attention to possible dangers, mistakes, and pitfalls, and ways of minimizing those risks.

Good Samaritan Act

The Good Samaritan Act protects a first-aid provider from liability for emergency care or treatment performed in good faith or emergency care or treatment that would be expected of another first-aid provider with equal training.
The Act does not stop someone from filing a lawsuit but provides a defense if you performed according to the standard of care for a first-aid provider.
The Act may provide protection for law enforcement officers when they are acting outside their jurisdictions and correctional officers and correctional probation officers when they are providing care during off-duty hours.

Expressed consent: clear and unmistakable permission given by the patient or legal guardian, can be verbal (e.g., "yes, I consent") or non-verbal (e.g., nodding in agreement)
Implied consent: assumption of permission based on the patient's actions (e.g., rolling up their sleeve for a blood sample), also applies to unconscious patients who would likely agree to life-saving care if able to consent
Informed consent: patient's agreement to treatment made with full knowledge of the facts, benefits, risks, and alternatives

Competent Adults and Refusal of Treatment

A competent adult is one who can make an informed decision about medical care, understanding the implications of their decisions
Competent adults have the right to refuse treatment verbally or non-verbally
They also have the right to withdraw from treatment after it begins

Failure to obtain consent can result in a criminal charge of battery
Make every effort to persuade the patient to consent to treatment, and keep them under observation if they refuse until EMS arrives
In life-threatening situations, begin first aid immediately if the patient loses consciousness

In Florida, children under 18 require a parent or legal guardian's permission before providing care
In life-threatening emergencies, provide emergency first aid based on implied consent if the parent or legal guardian is not available
Emancipated minors (e.g., financially independent, married, or in the military) can give consent for their own care

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders and Advance Directives

A DNR order or advance directive documents a patient's wish to refuse cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or specific medical care
Licensed medical professionals, EMTs, or paramedics are legally bound to honor a DNR/DNRO or advance directive, but criminal justice officers have a duty to act regardless
Consult your agency's policies on DNR/DNROs

Medical Alerts

Medical alert jewelry, cards, or tattoos alert responders to specific medical conditions, such as allergies, epilepsy, or diabetes
These alerts often include a telephone number to call for detailed information about the patient

Expressed consent: positive confirmation from the patient or legal guardian, can be verbal (e.g., "yes, I consent") or physical (e.g., nodding in agreement)
Implied consent: assumption of permission based on the patient's actions (e.g., rolling up their sleeve for a blood sample)
Informed consent: patient's agreement to treatment made with full knowledge of the facts, benefits, risks, and alternatives

Competence and Refusal of Care

A competent adult can make informed decisions about medical care and has the right to refuse treatment
Incompetent individuals: those under the influence of drugs/alcohol, seriously ill, injured, mentally ill, or developmentally disabled
Refusal of care: competent adults can refuse treatment verbally or non-verbally, and have the right to withdraw from treatment after it begins

In Florida, minors (under 18) require a parent or legal guardian's permission for care, except in life-threatening emergencies where implied consent applies
Emancipated minors: financially independent, do not live with a parent/caregiver, married, or in the military, and can provide their own consent

Abandonment

Abandonment: giving up care without ensuring the patient continues to receive the same or better care
Implications: criminal justice first-aid providers should continue care until replaced by a medical professional with the same or higher-level training

Negligence

Negligence: failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation
Conditions for negligence: duty to act, breach of standard of care, causation, and damages

Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of the skull, spinal column, shoulder girdle, rib cage, pelvis, lower extremities, and upper extremities.
The skeletal system gives the body shape and protects vital organs.
The skull houses and protects the brain and gives shape and function to the face.
The spinal column protects the spinal cord and is the primary support for the entire body.

Muscular System

The muscular system gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and allows for body movement.
There are three types of muscles: voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscles.
Voluntary muscles are attached to the skeleton and are under the control of the nervous system and brain.
Involuntary muscles, or smooth muscles, carry out many automatic body functions.
Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and work constantly to expand and contract the heart.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary body activity.
It supports higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system is the body's "mainframe computer" and processing center.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a fist, positioned behind the breastbone (sternum).
Blood vessels are a system of tubes through which blood flows.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
Four major arteries determine blood flow: carotid, brachial, femoral, and radial.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
The nose, mouth, and throat make up the upper airway that brings oxygen to the lungs (lower airway).
The diaphragm, a large muscle below the lungs, helps move air in and out of the lungs.
The respiratory systems of infants and children differ from adults, with differences in tongue size, windpipe size, and breathing rate.

Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of the skull, spinal column, shoulder girdle, rib cage, pelvis, lower extremities, and upper extremities.
The skeletal system gives the body shape and protects vital organs.
The skull houses and protects the brain and gives shape and function to the face.
The spinal column protects the spinal cord and is the primary support for the entire body.

Muscular System

The muscular system gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and allows for body movement.
There are three types of muscles: voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscles.
Voluntary muscles are attached to the skeleton and are under the control of the nervous system and brain.
Involuntary muscles, or smooth muscles, carry out many automatic body functions.
Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and work constantly to expand and contract the heart.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary body activity.
It supports higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system is the body's "mainframe computer" and processing center.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a fist, positioned behind the breastbone (sternum).
Blood vessels are a system of tubes through which blood flows.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
Four major arteries determine blood flow: carotid, brachial, femoral, and radial.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
The nose, mouth, and throat make up the upper airway that brings oxygen to the lungs (lower airway).
The diaphragm, a large muscle below the lungs, helps move air in and out of the lungs.
The respiratory systems of infants and children differ from adults, with differences in tongue size, windpipe size, and breathing rate.

Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of the skull, spinal column, shoulder girdle, rib cage, pelvis, lower extremities, and upper extremities.
The shoulder girdle includes the collarbone and shoulder blades.
The rib cage contains the sternum and ribs, protecting the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen.
The pelvis protects the reproductive organs and supports the organs in the lower abdominal cavity.
The lower extremities consist of the upper leg, lower leg, ankle, and foot.
The upper extremities consist of the upper arm, lower arm (forearm), wrist, hand, and finger bones.

Muscular System

The muscular system gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and allows for body movement.
There are three types of muscles: voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscles.
Voluntary muscles are used for deliberate acts, such as chewing, bending, lifting, and running, and are attached to the skeleton.
Involuntary muscles, or smooth muscles, carry out many automatic body functions, such as in the walls of tube-like organs.
Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and work constantly to expand and contract.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary body activity, supports higher mental functions, and keeps the body's systems working together.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is the body's "mainframe computer" and processing center.
The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect to the spinal cord and branch out to every other part of the body, serving as a two-way communication system.

Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body, protecting everything inside, providing a barrier against bacteria and other harmful substances, and regulating body temperature.
The skin receives and relays information about heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain to the brain and spinal cord through nerve endings.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to and removes waste from the body's tissues.
The main parts of the circulatory system are the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, and blood.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest cavity that pumps blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels are a system of tubes through which blood flows, with arteries carrying blood away from the heart and veins carrying blood back to the heart.
The four major arteries that determine blood flow and are used to feel for a patient's pulse are the carotid, brachial, femoral, and radial arteries.

Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of the skull, spinal column, shoulder girdle, rib cage, pelvis, lower extremities, and upper extremities.
The shoulder girdle includes the collarbone and shoulder blades.
The rib cage contains the sternum and ribs, protecting the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen.
The pelvis protects the reproductive organs and supports the organs in the lower abdominal cavity.
The lower extremities consist of the upper leg, lower leg, ankle, and foot.
The upper extremities consist of the upper arm, lower arm (forearm), wrist, hand, and finger bones.

Muscular System

The muscular system gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and allows for body movement.
There are three types of muscles: voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscles.
Voluntary muscles are used for deliberate acts, such as chewing, bending, lifting, and running, and are attached to the skeleton.
Involuntary muscles, or smooth muscles, carry out many automatic body functions, such as in the walls of tube-like organs.
Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and work constantly to expand and contract.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary body activity, supports higher mental functions, and keeps the body's systems working together.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is the body's "mainframe computer" and processing center.
The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that connect to the spinal cord and branch out to every other part of the body, serving as a two-way communication system.

Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the body, protecting everything inside, providing a barrier against bacteria and other harmful substances, and regulating body temperature.
The skin receives and relays information about heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain to the brain and spinal cord through nerve endings.

Circulatory System

The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to and removes waste from the body's tissues.
The main parts of the circulatory system are the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, and blood.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest cavity that pumps blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels are a system of tubes through which blood flows, with arteries carrying blood away from the heart and veins carrying blood back to the heart.
The four major arteries that determine blood flow and are used to feel for a patient's pulse are the carotid, brachial, femoral, and radial arteries.

Universal Precautions, Body Substance Isolation (BSI), and Standard Precautions

Universal precautions instruct providers to assume that all patients' blood and bodily fluids are potentially infectious.
Body Substance Isolation (BSI) is the practice of isolating oneself from all body substances of patients, not just blood and bodily fluids.
BSI relies on personal protective equipment (PPE) and personal behaviors that reduce risk.
Standard precautions are measures that address the spread of airborne pathogens and bloodborne pathogens, and include elements of universal precautions and BSI.

Practices to Reduce Risk

Hand hygiene is critical in preventing infection and can be achieved through handwashing or hand disinfection with an alcohol-based product.
Hand hygiene should be practiced routinely during work shifts, at the end of shifts, and when treating patients.
When washing hands with soap and water, wash hands for at least 20 seconds, lather every part of the hand, and thoroughly dry with a disposable towel.
If hands are not visibly soiled and soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub or hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.

Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is a barrier against infection and should be used in any emergency where first aid is being provided.
PPE includes eye protection, gloves, protective clothing, masks or shields, and biohazard bags.
Hand hygiene should be practiced after removing PPE.

Exposure to Pathogens

Exposure to pathogens can occur through person-to-person contact, indirectly through the air, or through direct contact with infectious materials.
Potentially infectious materials include bodily fluids, tissues, and organs.
Bloodborne pathogens are microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease, and can be transmitted through blood from an open wound or needlesticks.
Airborne pathogens are microorganisms discharged from an infected person and can be transmitted through the air.
Bodily fluids should be treated as potentially infectious or contaminated with pathogens.

Scene Size-Up

Scene size-up is crucial and has four components: scene safety, mechanism of injury or nature of illness, number of victims, and need for more rescuers and special equipment.
It begins as soon as you receive notice from dispatch or arrive at the scene, and it's essential to maintain situational awareness.
Always prioritize scene safety and assess possible dangers before entering the scene.

Determining Scene Safety

Assess scene safety by using all your senses (sight, sound, smell, and feeling) to determine what's happening.
If the scene is unsafe and you can't make it safe, don't enter.
Be aware of potential dangers, such as natural disasters, domestic violence, nuisance animal calls, and active threat/shooter incidents.

Mechanism of Injury or Nature of Illness

Determine the mechanism of injury to the patient or the nature of the illness to understand what happened.
Identify the patient's chief complaint to judge the extent of injury or illness.
Determine if the patient is a trauma patient (injured) or a medical patient (ill) to decide the type of first aid or equipment needed.

Number of Patients

Determine the number of patients and their location.
In situations with multiple patients, prioritize care and triage patients based on several factors.

Need for More Responders or Special Equipment

Assess the need for more resources and relay a request based on local protocol and department policy.
Verbally transmit information about scene safety, type and extent of injuries, number of patients, and need for special units to assist.

Preventing Transmission of MRSA and Hepatitis A

Prevent transmission of MRSA by showering with soap and water, not sharing equipment or personal care items, and keeping skin wounds covered.
Prevent transmission of Hepatitis A by using isolation precautions and appropriate PPE, and by practicing good personal hygiene and sanitation.

Scene Size-Up

A patient who belongs to both trauma and medical categories requires treatment for each condition.
Determining the number of patients is crucial; if there are multiple patients, prioritize care and triage accordingly.
Assess the need for more resources based on local protocol and department policy.

Patient Categorization

Patients are categorized as immediate (RED), expectant (GRAY), delayed (YELLOW), minimal (GREEN), and deceased (BLACK).
Global sorting is used to prioritize patients based on severity of injuries, with the goal of focusing on those with a higher chance of survival.
Perform individual patient assessments and rapid life-saving interventions, such as controlling massive hemorrhage or addressing airway obstructions.

Triage

In general, the order of treatment or transport is immediate patients first, then delayed, then minimal.
Expectant patients should be provided with treatment or transport when resources allow.
Triage is crucial in a mass casualty incident to prioritize patients based on severity of injuries.

Preventing Transmission of Infections

To prevent transmission of MRSA, shower with soap and water as soon as possible after direct contact with an open sore, and use a clean, dry towel.
Do not share equipment, towels, soap, or personal care items.
Keep hands away from nose, mouth, and eyes, and keep all skin wounds completely covered with a bandage.

Hepatitis A Prevention

Hepatitis A is primarily spread through person-to-person contact through fecal contamination and oral ingestion.
Prevent transmission of hepatitis A by using isolation precautions and appropriate PPE.
Poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and intimate contact facilitate transmission.

Multiple Agency Response

In a multiple agency response, your role depends on arrival time, department policies, and local protocol.
The Incident Command System (ICS) is used for multiple agency response in times of disaster.
The first officer on the scene should take control of the scene, get information, and begin triage to ensure a successful combined response.

Secondary Assessment Guidelines

Use DOTS (Deformities, Open injuries, Tenderness, Swelling) to assess each body part.
Use PMS (Pulse, Motor, Sensory) to assess extremities.

Conducting DOTS Assessment

Deformities: compare injured body area to a similar, uninjured area.
Open injuries: carefully remove or cut open clothing to find bleeding, and try to control it immediately.
Tenderness: observe the patient's face for pain response (e.g., grimace) or ask the patient if they feel pain when touched.
Swelling: look for raised skin that may indicate soft-tissue injury or fracture.

Conducting PMS Assessment

Pulse: assess for presence or absence of pulse.
Motor: assess for motor function (movement) before assessing sensation.
Sensory: ask the patient if they have feeling in the area you touch.

Performing a Comprehensive Physical Assessment

Complete a head-to-toe physical examination of the patient.
Systematically inspect and touch each body part, looking for DOTS.
Assess specific areas, including:
- Pelvis and groin: check for tenderness, deformities, and bleeding.
- Lower extremities: check for fractures, and assess movement and sensation.
- Upper extremities: check for DOTS, circulation, movement, and sensation.
- Spine and back: check for possible spinal fractures and deformities, and maintain strict spinal precautions.

Gathering Patient Medical History

Talk to the patient during the comprehensive physical assessment.
Gather relevant medical information, including:
- Medical history
- Allergies
- Medications
- Past medical problems
- Time of injury or sudden illness
- Last time the patient ate or drank
Record this information to relay to EMS.

Recording Vital Signs

Record the patient's pulse and breathing rate after completing the primary and secondary assessments.
To take a patient's pulse, place fingers on a pulse point and count the number of beats for 15 seconds, then multiply by 4.
To calculate a patient's breathing rate, count the number of breaths taken over 15 seconds, then multiply by 4.

Ongoing Assessment

Reassess the patient every 15 minutes if they are stable.

Assessing Level of Consciousness (LOC)

A patient's level of consciousness can be assessed using the AVPU scale: alert, verbal, pain, or unresponsive.
An alert patient is fully awake, aware of their surroundings, and can react to their environment.
A verbally responsive patient responds to questions or prompts with grunts or movements.
A patient responsive to pain responds to painful stimuli with voluntary or involuntary movements.

Primary Assessment

A primary assessment is necessary regardless of the patient's level of consciousness.
The priority is to identify and manage life-threatening conditions.
An unresponsive patient requires immediate primary assessment and relay of vital information to responding medical personnel.

Patient Assessment

The approach to patient assessment is from general to specific, beginning with a scene size-up and observation of the patient.
There are two types of assessments: primary and secondary.
The primary assessment identifies and addresses immediate life-threatening conditions.
The secondary assessment is a thorough, full head-to-toe examination of the patient, including a comprehensive physical examination and patient medical history.

Head-to-Toe Assessment

Head: gently examine the scalp and skull, assessing for depressions, fluid loss from the ears or nose, discoloration around the eyes, mouth injuries, and discoloration behind the ears.
Eyes: assess pupils for size, reaction to light, and signs of brain trauma.
Neck: gently feel the neck area, look for signs of trauma, asymmetry, swelling, and airway obstructions.
Shoulders: gently squeeze the shoulders inward, feeling and listening for grinding, which may indicate a fracture.
Chest and abdomen: look for equal chest rise and fall, bruising, holes in the chest wall, and listen for noises coming from the chest wall.

Secondary Assessment Guidelines

DOTS acronym helps guide the secondary assessment, focusing on each body part
PMS acronym guides the examination of extremities

Conducting a Secondary Assessment

Deformities: compare injured area to similar uninjured area to identify abnormal shapes
Open Injuries: carefully remove or cut open clothing to find bleeding and control it
Tenderness: observe patient's face for pain response, ask conscious patient if they feel pain
Swelling: look for raised skin that may indicate soft-tissue injury and fractures

Conducting an Assessment with PMS

Pulse: assess presence or absence of pulse
Motor: assess motor function (movement)
Sensory: assess sensation, ask patient if they have feeling in the area touched

Performing a Comprehensive Physical Assessment

Systematically inspect and touch each body part before moving to the next
Look, listen, and feel for DOTS
Check pelvis and groin for tenderness, deformities, and bleeding
Assess lower extremities individually and systematically
Assess upper extremities for DOTS, circulation, movement, and sensation
Check spine and back for possible spinal fractures and deformities

Gathering Patient Medical History

Talk to the patient to gather relevant medical information to relay to EMS
If patient is unconscious, question family members or bystanders
Gather any information to provide care for the patient

Primary Assessment Guidelines

The primary assessment should be completed in the order of the MARCH mnemonic: Massive hemorrhage, Airway, Respirations, Circulation, and Hypothermia/Head injury.

Massive Hemorrhage

Massive hemorrhage is the number one preventable cause of trauma-related deaths.
Signs of severe bleeding include very low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, loss of consciousness, paleness, and weak pulse.
Techniques for controlling life-threatening bleeding include applying direct pressure to the wound with a sterile dressing, packing the wound, or applying a tourniquet.

Airway

An obstructed airway can restrict or completely impede a patient's ability to breathe.
Clearing objects from the airway and using airway management techniques such as head tilt/chin lift and jaw thrust are crucial.

Respirations

The patient's chest should be rising and falling to indicate proper respiration.

Circulation

The patient should have a pulse and blood flow to indicate proper circulation.
A nail bed test can be used to assess blood flow: apply pressure to the patient's finger or toe nail bed for two seconds, release, and check if the nail bed returns to a pink color within two seconds.

Hypothermia/Head Injury

Rapidly decreasing body temperature can worsen bleeding symptoms by decreasing the blood's ability to clot or gel.
Protect the patient from the elements, keep them warm and dry, and remove wet clothing to prevent hypothermia.
Assess the patient for unequal pupil size, fluids coming out of their ears, impaled objects, or deformity to the skull for head injury.

Secondary Assessment

The secondary assessment involves a comprehensive physical examination of the patient for all injuries and taking a detailed patient medical history.
The focus is on rapidly evaluating patients to determine the order that patients will receive future medical attention based on the severity of their injuries.

Triage Processes

Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment (START) is a method of triage that can be used to assess many patients rapidly.
The START method involves using BSI and appropriate PPE, locating and removing walking wounded, and triaging and tagging patients with color-coded triage ribbons.
Patients are classified according to the START protocols: RED (immediate), YELLOW (delayed), GREEN (ambulatory), and BLACK (deceased).
The mnemonic RPM is used to assess patients: Respiration, Perfusion, Mental status.

Gathering Patient Medical History

Ask patients about symptoms, allergies, and medical alert jewelry
Note medication, last dose taken, past medical history, and time of last food/drink
Record events leading to emergency and time of injury/illness
Include this information in report when handing patient off to medical personnel

Recording Vital Signs

Record pulse and breathing rate to determine patient's condition
Count pulse beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 for average rate
Watch chest rise to count breaths for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 for average rate

Completing an Ongoing Assessment

Reassess every 15 minutes if patient is stable
Test for circulation by squeezing patient's finger or toe nail bed
Check for blue skin color indicating circulation problems

Hypothermia and Head Injury

Prevent hypothermia by minimizing exposure to elements and keeping patient warm/dry
Assess for unequal pupil size, fluids from ears, and impaled objects/deformities
Check for decreasing LOC and possible brain damage

Secondary Assessment

Complete physical examination and take detailed patient medical history
Assess for all injuries and note patient's medical history

Respirations

Look for rise and fall of chest or abdomen, equal breathing on both sides
Check for signs of inadequate breathing, labored/painful breathing, and blue/purple skin color
No visible rise and fall indicates patient has stopped breathing
Provide rescue breathing with barrier mask if necessary

Circulation

Confirm pulse existence, note skin color/temperature
Find pulse points on upper arm (infant), neck (unconscious adult/child), or wrist (conscious adult/child)
Determine pulse strength and assume conscious patient has a pulse
Perform capillary refill time test to assess circulation

Moving Patients

Always prioritize patient safety and avoid making their injuries worse when moving them.
Perform an emergency move when a patient is in immediate danger or their location prevents providing care to them or another patient.
Perform a non-emergency move when the situation is not urgent.
Always follow BSI protocols and wear appropriate PPE when moving a patient.

Proper Lifting Techniques

Maintain correct alignment of your spine, shoulders, hips, and feet when lifting a patient.
Take a good athletic stance and engage your abdominal muscles.
Use proper breathing techniques and look straight ahead, not down.
Lift with your legs, hips, and buttocks, not your back.
Keep the patient's weight as close to your body as possible.

Recovery Position

Place an unresponsive, breathing patient with no suspected neck or back injuries in the recovery position.
The recovery position helps maintain an open airway and may prevent breathing restrictions.

Placing a Patient in the Recovery Position

Position the patient on their back without causing additional injuries and stand to one side of them.
Place the patient's left or right arm straight up overhead, flat on the floor.
Place the back of the patient's other hand on their opposite shoulder.
Grasp the patient on the shoulder and knee and roll them towards you.

Ongoing Assessment

Reassess the patient's responsiveness level, airway and breathing, and pulse rate and quality every five minutes.

Communicating with EMS

Relay scene and patient information to medical responders upon their arrival.
Provide information by radio to dispatch while EMS is on the way.
Typical questions EMS may ask include the number of patients, their locations, and the treatment rendered.

Responding to a Medical Emergency

Recognize the difference between a trauma patient and a medical patient before providing emergency first aid.
Identify all victims on the scene, including those who may be difficult to find.
Determine the need for more resources based on local protocol and department policy.

Triage in Mass Casualty Incidents

The priority in a mass casualty incident is to rapidly evaluate patients to determine the order of medical attention based on the severity of their injuries.

START Triage Method

The START method is used to assess patients rapidly and can be performed by personnel with limited medical training.
The process involves:
- Removing walking wounded to a separate area
- Triage and tagging patients with color-coded ribbons (RED, YELLOW, GREEN, BLACK)
- Assessing patients using the RPM method (respiration, perfusion, mental status)
Tagging categories:
- RED: immediate attention required
- YELLOW: delayed attention required
- GREEN: ambulatory (minor injuries)
- BLACK: deceased (non-salvageable)

RPM Assessment

Respiration:
- Assess respiratory rate (less than 30 breaths per minute: assess perfusion)
- More than 30 breaths per minute: tag RED
Perfusion:
- Palpate radial pulse or assess capillary refill time
- No radial pulse or capillary refill time > 2 seconds: tag RED
Mental Status:
- Assess patient's ability to follow simple commands and orientation to time, place, and person
- Follows commands: tag YELLOW
- Does not follow commands or disoriented: tag RED

SALT Triage Method

SALT combines approaches from other triage processes
Categories: RED (immediate), GRAY (expectant), YELLOW (delayed), GREEN (minimal), BLACK (deceased)
Process involves:
- Patient categorization using global sorting
- Individual patient assessments and rapid life-saving interventions
- Treatment or transport prioritization: immediate, delayed, minimal, expectant

Multiple Agency Response

In a multiple agency response, the first officer on the scene takes control and begins triage
Understanding the role of the first officer on the scene can reduce stress and make the combined response successful.

Direct Threat Care

A direct threat care environment describes a scene with an active threat, multiple threats, or imminent danger.
The primary concern is to stop or neutralize the threat, and continuously conduct a threat assessment until the threat no longer exists.
Instruct a wounded officer to move out of the visual field of the threat or away from the source of imminent danger to an area of cover or relative safety.
Prioritize only the most life-threatening injuries that can be quickly addressed, such as massive hemorrhage.
Control bleeding by applying a tourniquet while behind cover or something that can block bullets.
If the officer is bleeding from an extremity, control the bleeding by applying a tourniquet while behind cover.
Instruct the officer to render their own self-aid if possible, including the self-application of a tourniquet.
If the officer is unresponsive or unable to render self-aid or move to safety, conduct a remote assessment to develop a rescue plan.

Indirect Threat Care

Indirect threat care describes a scene in which the officer is out of imminent danger and but not yet in a safer zone.
A hot zone can change to a warm zone once the officer is in a place of relative safety or an area of cover becomes cleared but not secured.
The level of care includes following the assessment and treatment priorities outlined in MARCH.
Address any life-threatening bleeding first by applying direct pressure to a wound, wound packing, and using sterile dressings or seals in addition to tourniquets.

Multiple Agency Response

In a multiple agency response, the officer's role depends on arrival time, department policies, and local protocol.
Florida implements the Incident Command System (ICS) for multiple agency response in times of disaster.
The original ICS commander will relinquish command by providing a situation report if necessary.
Taking control of the scene, getting information, and beginning triage helps make the combined response successful.

Triage

Begin with patient categorization: global sorting for patients that can walk, wave, or are still, with the goal of prioritizing patients based on severity of injuries.
Patients are further classified into categories of immediate (RED), expectant (GRAY), delayed (YELLOW), minimal (GREEN), and deceased (BLACK).
Perform individual patient assessments and rapid life-saving interventions, such as controlling massive hemorrhage or severe bleeding and addressing airway obstructions.
The order of treatment or transport should be immediate patients first, then delayed, then minimal. Expectant patients should be provided with treatment or transport when resources allow.

Officer's Role in Multiple Agency Response to Mass Casualty Incident

In a direct threat care environment, the officer's primary concern is to stop or neutralize the threat, and then provide care to wounded officers.
The officer should continuously conduct a threat assessment until the threat no longer exists or all parties are in an area of relative safety.
Wounded officers should be instructed to move out of the visual field of the threat or away from the source of imminent danger to an area of cover or relative safety.
If the officer is alert and capable, they should be directed to stay engaged and prioritize only the most life-threatening injuries that can be quickly addressed, such as massive hemorrhage.

Direct Threat Care

In direct threat care, the officer's focus is on stopping or neutralizing the threat, and then providing basic care to wounded officers, such as controlling bleeding with a tourniquet.
If the officer is bleeding from an extremity, they should apply a tourniquet while behind cover or something that can block bullets.
If the officer becomes injured, their primary focus should be on applying their own tourniquet and providing self-care.

Indirect Threat Care

In indirect threat care, the officer is out of imminent danger, but not yet in a safer zone, and the level of care includes following the assessment and treatment priorities outlined in MARCH.
The officer should address any life-threatening bleeding first by applying direct pressure to a wound, wound packing, and using sterile dressings or seals in addition to tourniquets.

Working with Special Patient Groups

When communicating with juvenile patients, it's essential to stay calm, get down to their eye level, move slowly, and include them in the conversation to ease their fears.
Avoid removing a child from parents when you do not suspect abuse, as separation anxiety can become a major concern.
When working with patients who have medical equipment, do not become distracted by the equipment, and respectfully ask the patient or caregiver how the special equipment works.
For patients with non-English language needs, contact your public safety telecommunicator for access to an interpreter, and use non-verbal cues if an interpreter is unavailable.

Officer's Role in Mass Casualty Incident Response

Primary role is to provide care to fellow responding officers at the scene
Must prioritize stopping or neutralizing the threat if possible
Continuously conduct a threat assessment until the threat no longer exists or involved parties are in an area of relative safety

Direct Threat Care

Care under fire environment with an active threat, multiple active threats, or imminent danger
Prioritize stopping the threat or neutralizing it if possible
Instruct wounded officer to move out of the visual field of the threat or away from the source of imminent danger to an area of cover or relative safety
Control bleeding by applying tourniquets while behind cover or something that can block bullets
Focus on quickly addressing life-threatening injuries, such as massive hemorrhage

Indirect Threat Care

Warm zone/tactical field care environment where officer is out of imminent danger but not yet in a safer zone
Level of care includes following assessment and treatment priorities outlined in MARCH
Address life-threatening bleeding first by applying direct pressure to a wound, wound packing, and using sterile dressings or seals in addition to tourniquets

START Triage Process

Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment (START) method used to assess many patients rapidly
Uses BSI and appropriate PPE
Locates and removes walking wounded to one location away from the incident
Triage and tag remaining injured patients with triage ribbons (color-coded plastic strips) by tying to an upper extremity in a visible location
Classify patients according to START protocols: RED (immediate), YELLOW (delayed), GREEN (ambulatory), and BLACK (deceased/non-salvageable)
Assess patients using the RPM mnemonic: respiration, perfusion, mental status

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This quiz covers the introductory lessons of First Aid for Criminal Justice Officers, including introduction to first aid, legal and ethical issues, patient communication, human body, and infection control basics.

First Aid for Criminal Justice Officers Unit 1

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Questions and Answers

According to the CJSTC standards, what is a vital role of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

Why is the role of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid so vital?

What should a criminal justice officer do to ensure they are in control of the emergency scene?

What are some responsibilities of a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid, besides correcting breathing problems and stopping bleeding?

What is the key distinction between negligence and abandonment?

What is a key distinction between a duty to act and a breach of the standard of care?

What is a key element of abandonment?

What is a necessary condition for negligence to occur?

What is the primary purpose of obtaining consent before providing first aid?

Under what circumstances can a provider be considered to have abandoned a patient?

What is the Good Samaritan Act intended to encourage?

What is a key element of the standard of care in providing first aid?

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

What is the key distinction between a breach of the standard of care and negligence?

What is an important consideration for a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

What is the key distinction between a breach of the standard of care and negligence?

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

What is a key element of the standard of care in providing first aid?

What is an important consideration for a criminal justice officer providing basic first aid?

Who can give consent for an emancipated minor to receive medical treatment?

In life-threatening emergencies involving minors, what should you do if the parents will not consent to medical treatment?

What is the purpose of a medical alert bracelet or necklace?

Can a criminal justice first-aid provider withhold CPR from a patient with a DNR order?

What is the primary purpose of obtaining consent before providing first aid?

What type of consent is when a patient is unconscious and in need of emergency care?

What is the key distinction between expressed consent and implied consent?

When is informed consent not required?

When can a provider assume implied consent?

What is the primary purpose of the Good Samaritan Act in relation to first-aid providers?

What is the key element of informed consent in providing first aid?

What is the primary function of the rib cage?

What is the main difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

What is the central nervous system responsible for?

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

What is the main difference between the upper and lower extremities?

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in the human body?

Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying blood to the upper arm?

What is the primary function of the skeletal system in the human body?

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

What is the main difference between the respiratory system of infants and children compared to adults?

What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

What is the name of the passageway that connects the upper airway with the lower airway?

What is the name of the muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the head and neck?

What is the primary function of the respiratory system in the human body?

What is the main difference between the respiratory system of infants and children compared to adults?

What is the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

What is the name of the passageway that connects the upper airway with the lower airway?

What is the name of the muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

What is the primary function of the skeletal system in the human body?

What is the main difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

What is the central nervous system responsible for?

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

What is the main difference between the upper and lower extremities?

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?

What is the name of the vessel that supplies blood to the upper arm?

What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

What is the function of the rib cage?

What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system?

What is the name of the artery that supplies blood to the head and neck?

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in the human body?

What is the name of the bones that stack one on top of each other to form the spinal column?

What type of pathogens can be found in human blood?

What is a common way pathogens can be transmitted?

What should you do when encountering bodily fluids?

What is the purpose of universal precautions?

What is an example of a bodily fluid?

How can airborne pathogens be transmitted?

What should you do to prepare for potential infectious diseases?

What is a common way to get infected with pathogens?

What type of contact can lead to the transmission of pathogens?