First Aid Basics

Cardiac Arrest Response

• Begin by listening for heart sounds and feeling for a neck pulse.
• If no heartbeat is detected, initiate chest compressions immediately to prevent brain oxygen deprivation.
• Casualty must lie on a firm surface for effective compressions.
• Use hands stacked together to compress the lower half of the breastbone.
• Perform compressions at a firm pressure, 100 times per minute for 1/2 second each, achieving a depth of about 4 cm.
• Administer artificial respiration alongside chest compression; ratio should ideally be 5 compressions followed by 1 breath.
• Monitor for any signs of heart activity; improvements include changes in face color, lip color, and pupil size.
• Upon resumption of heartbeat, stop compressions but continue artificial respiration until natural breathing returns.

Internal Bleeding and Injuries

• Blood loss from internal injuries can quickly threaten life; concealed bleeding requires careful monitoring of pulse and shock signs.
• Abdominal organs are vulnerable to injuries, necessitating urgent expert treatment and radio medical advice.
• Suspected internal bleeding management includes:
  • Bed rest with a head-down tilt.
  • Morphine (10 mg) for conscious patients in pain.
  • Only one blanket for warmth.
  • Regular pulse monitoring at 10-minute intervals.
  • Administer fluids per rectum if indicated.
  • Allow ice flakes for abdominal injuries; sips of water for others.

Coughing Blood Management

• Differentiate between sources of bleeding; avoid confusing nasopharyngeal bleeding with gastrointestinal or pulmonary sources.
• If blood is coughed up, place the patient in a resting position with head and shoulders elevated.
• Generally, fluid per rectum is unnecessary in this scenario.

Fracture Care

• Maintain joint mobility around fracture sites for patients onboard beyond two to three days.
• Immediate antibiotic treatment is critical for suspected open fractures.
• Key fracture signs include:
  • Previous trauma or noticeable breaks.
  • Severe localized pain, especially with pressure.
  • Swelling and potential bruising.
  • Inability or unwillingness to move the injured area.
  • Distorted limb appearance or abnormal movements.

Blast Injuries

• Explosions may cause complex injuries, including internal wounds and asphyxia.
• Recognize multiple injury types, including:
  • Head injuries resembling concussion, confusion, and potential paralysis.
  • Lung injuries characterized by difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and potential internal bleeding.
• Management includes:
  • Immediate support and monitoring.
  • Fresh air access and maintaining a comfortable position.
  • Avoid using morphine for chest injuries as it may complicate treatment.

Transportation and Handling of Casualties

• Unless further trauma is imminent (e.g., fire or toxic exposure), immobilize suspected fractures before any movement.
• Identify the safest transport route and carry the casualty with care to avoid further injury.

This quiz covers essential first aid techniques, specifically focusing on how to respond when a heart has stopped. You'll explore vital steps such as checking for heart sounds and feeling for a pulse, along with the importance of beginning chest compressions promptly. Test your knowledge on these lifesaving measures and ensure you're prepared for emergency situations.