First Aid: Asthma and Anaphylaxis Management

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Questions and Answers

What is a common sign of an asthma attack?

  • Difficulty speaking in full sentences (correct)
  • Increased appetite
  • Frequent urination
  • Muscle aches

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for asthma?

  • Pollen
  • Exercise
  • Emotional stress
  • High altitude (correct)

How many puffs should be administered according to the 4 x 4 x 4 treatment for asthma?

  • 5
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4 (correct)

Which of the following indicates a severe asthma attack?

<p>Confusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do preventer medications play in asthma management?

<p>They reduce the frequency of symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the 4 x 4 x 4 asthma treatment method?

<p>Call for help (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions will cause only skin symptoms such as rash or hives?

<p>Mild hypersensitivity reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with anaphylaxis?

<p>Dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes anaphylactic shock related to the immune response?

<p>Fluid leak from blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for anaphylactic reactions in individuals?

<p>Certain foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms indicates hypotension in shock?

<p>Pale and clammy skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if someone has a known allergy and experiences anaphylaxis?

<p>Inform medical personnel immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines shock in medical terms?

<p>Life-threatening oxygen delivery failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most at risk for anaphylaxis due to food brought by others?

<p>Cadets with food allergies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asthma Presentation

Signs and symptoms of asthma include difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and anxiety. Severe cases may present with confusion, drowsiness, cyanosis, and difficulty speaking.

Asthma Triggers

Asthma attacks can be caused by exercise, respiratory infections, air particles (e.g., pollen, smoke), sudden weather changes, or anxiety/stress. Triggers may be unknown.

Asthma Prevention

Prevention involves identifying known triggers and ensuring proper use of prescribed medications (preventer medication) by the cadet.

Asthma Treatment

Use a reliever (bronchodilator) inhaler. Follow the 4x4x4 method: 4 puffs, wait 4 minutes, repeat if needed. Use a spacer for maximum effect.

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Anaphylaxis

A life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction involving multiple body systems.

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Hypersensitivity Reaction

An abnormal and disproportionate immune response to an allergen, like in anaphylaxis.

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Hypersensitivity Reaction

An immune response that causes an excessive reaction, often involving skin, but not always resulting in anaphylaxis.

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Anaphylaxis

A serious, life-threatening allergic reaction.

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Anaphylaxis Symptoms (Skin)

Hives, welts, itching, and facial swelling are common symptoms.

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Anaphylaxis Symptoms (Respiratory)

Coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, or stridor can indicate respiratory distress.

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Anaphylaxis Symptoms (Abdominal)

Nausea and vomiting are also possible symptoms.

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Anaphylactic Shock

A type of shock caused by a severe allergic reaction.

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Shock (Definition)

Life-threatening condition caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; can involve multiple organ issues.

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Shock (Causes)

Insufficient blood flow leading to cellular dysfunction can occur due to several reasons, including cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, or distributive causes.

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Hypovolemic Shock

A type of shock where fluid leaks out of blood vessels, reducing blood volume and blood pressure and impairing cellular oxygen delivery.

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Distributive Shock

A shock type where blood vessels dilate; this decreases blood pressure and adequate blood flow to tissues.

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Shock Signs: Hypotension

Low blood pressure.

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Shock Signs: Skin Changes

Pale, cool, and clammy skin are symptoms of shock.

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Shock Signs: Breathing

Fast breathing rate (Over 20 breaths/minute).

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Shock Signs: Pulse

A fast, weak pulse (over 100 beats/minute).

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Shock: Altered Mental State

Confusion, disorientation, agitation, or anxiety.

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Shock Signs: Urine Output

Little or no urine output.

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Anaphylaxis Prevention

Limit exposure to known triggers.

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Common Anaphylaxis Triggers

Certain foods (peanuts, etc.), insect stings, latex, and medications.

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Study Notes

First Aid 1: Management and Prevention of High Acuity Presentations

  • SGSCC JNCOS Course
  • Focuses on asthma and anaphylaxis

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the management and prevention of asthma
  • Understand the management and prevention of anaphylaxis

Asthma

  • How Asthma Affects the Airways:
    • Asthma causes the smooth muscles surrounding the airways to tighten.
    • The airways become inflamed and swollen.
    • Excess mucus is produced.
  • Signs and Symptoms (General):
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Difficulty speaking (full sentences)
    • Coughing
    • Wheezing
    • Chest tightness
    • Anxiety
  • Signs and Symptoms (Severe):
    • Confusion
    • Drowsiness
    • Cyanosis
    • Difficulty speaking (single words)
  • Common Triggers:
    • Exercise
    • Respiratory infections
    • Air particles (pollen, smoke, dust)
    • Sudden weather changes (thunderstorms, cold air)
    • Anxiety or emotional stress
  • Prevention: Identify and address potential triggers.
  • Treatment: Take prescribed "preventer" medications regularly.
  • Asthma Treatment: 4 x 4 x 4 technique (4 puffs of reliever inhaler, 4 breaths with each puff, and wait for 4 min between doses)

Anaphylaxis

  • Definition:
    • Hypersensitivity reaction - an abnormal, disproportionate immune response to allergens.
    • Life-threatening systemic response involving multiple body systems.
  • Signs and Symptoms (RASH):
    • Respiratory distress (cough, wheeze, stridor, difficulty breathing)
    • Abdominal symptoms (nausea, vomiting)
    • Skin/mucosal symptoms (hives, welts, itching, facial swelling)
    • Hypotension/shock (see next slide for details)
    • Can be easily confused with severe asthma
  • Examples: Pictures displayed of anaphylaxis symptoms
  • Causes: Allergic immune reaction to allergens such as: Food (peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, dairy, fish, shellfish, soy) Insect stings (bees, wasps, ants) Latex Medications
  • Prevention: Avoid known triggers
  • Treatment:
    • Call for help (CASEVAC/000)
    • Lie the person flat.
    • Do NOT let them stand or walk.
    • Give adrenaline autoinjector (EpiPen).
    • Intramuscular injection to the outer mid-thigh.
    • If no response after 5 minutes, administer additional injection
  • Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Auto-Injector:
    • Contains 500mcg (Anapen), 300mcg (EpiPen), or 150mcg (EpiPen Junior).
    • Specific instructions on using Anapen and EpiPen are provided.
  • Prevention: Special Dietary Requirements (SDR) for anaphylaxis cadets will be handled by their unit.

Shock

  • Definition: Life-threatening, insufficient systemic oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in organ dysfunction.
  • Causes: Lack of blood perfusion to body tissues (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, distributive)
  • Anaphylactic Shock:
    • Immune response causes increased fluid leakage from blood vessels.
    • Reduced blood volume leads to lower blood pressure, and poor perfusion of tissues.
    • Immune response causes blood vessels to dilate, decreasing blood pressure
  • Signs and Symptoms:
    • Hypotension (low blood pressure)
    • Pale, cool, clammy, ashen skin.
    • Delayed capillary refill time
    • Fast breathing (>20 breaths per minute)
    • Fast pulse (>100 beats per minute)
    • Altered/confused mental state
    • Low or absent urine output
    • Other symptoms (nausea, vomiting, dizziness etc)

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