Firefighting Strategies and Risks
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of a poorly executed fire attack, according to the text?

  • Complete extinguishment of the fire.
  • Increased suppression of heat.
  • Enhanced visibility within the structure.
  • Reversal of the flow path of combustion products. (correct)

In the context of a confirmed, isolated garage fire, what alternative entry point is suggested if the roll-up door cannot be quickly opened?

  • A window on the opposite side of the garage.
  • The front door of the house.
  • The person-door on the side of the house. (correct)
  • Forcing entry through the fire wall.

What is cited as a common cause of attic fires in homes?

  • Improperly stored flammable liquids.
  • Overheated HVAC systems.
  • Combustion of insulation materials.
  • Electrical wiring. (correct)

According to the information, how do fires commonly extend into attic spaces?

<p>Via convection through HVAC vents, kitchen ducting, and lighting fixtures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common route for outside-in fires to extend into the attic?

<p>Through soffit or rafter vents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal priority when dealing with fires in garage and attic spaces, according to the text?

<p>Confinement and compartmentalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified in the text as a contributing factor to fires extending from garages into homes?

<p>Breached firewalls between the garage and attic over the living space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common ignition source which causes outside structure fires to extend into the attic through exterior soffit or rafter vents?

<p>Plastic garbage cans containing discarded ashes, fireworks, or oily rags. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario described, what critical initial action was overlooked by both Engine 201 and Engine 202?

<p>Identifying a victim profile (VP). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor, beyond staffing levels, allowed for multiple tactical options at the described incident?

<p>A non-delayed water supply. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the tactical error made by Engine 202 upon arrival?

<p>Failure to coordinate water stream application with interior crews. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the 'FPODP size-up process', what 'Probability' should have been considered due to the layout of the house?

<p>Vertical and horizontal fire extension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of home fire deaths according to the provided information?

<p>Smoking materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific term does the text use to describe the disagreement in strategies between Engine 201 and Engine 202?

<p>Tactical confusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about house fires is correct?

<p>Garage and attic fires are common in house fires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the initial report from Engine 201 ('heavy fire from the garage, and what appears to be bedrooms above'), which action aligns best with a life-saving priority?

<p>Initiating an immediate search of the bedrooms above the garage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of civilian fire deaths were caused by home fires from 2015 to 2019?

<p>75% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase "Garage Mahal" suggest about the potential fire risk in modern homes?

<p>Garages are becoming larger and pose a greater fire load. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mentioned as a common cause for home fires?

<p>Intentional fire setting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Engine 201, what was the primary objective of their initial interior attack?

<p>To prevent fire extension into the living space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor exacerbates the danger in house fires according to the content?

<p>Improper permitting and code adherence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many home structure fires did U.S. fire departments respond to on average per year during 2015-2019?

<p>346,800 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fire is the most prevalent in residential settings?

<p>Kitchen fires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique condition was described that affected a firefighter's ability to respond to a house fire in Sacramento?

<p>Hoarding conditions around the house (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a roof division supervisor during vertical ventilation?

<p>To maintain situational awareness and tactical coordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum personnel on a roof for effective vertical ventilation?

<p>Three firefighters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What situation did the officer encounter that led to a Mayday and RIC activation?

<p>Fire breaking out during ventilation attempts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ventilation is NOT mentioned as a lateral supervision task under division supervisors?

<p>Natural ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus after fire knockdown according to the operational objectives?

<p>Transitioning into salvage and overhaul (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences firefighters' tactical priorities during emergencies?

<p>Natural inclination toward fire attack or search (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of coordinating operations across different divisions?

<p>Avoiding conflicting and redundant operations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice when using the TIC in heavy smoke conditions?

<p>Press the TIC directly against your facepiece. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When coordinating known rescues in homes, what roles are suggested instead of divisions?

<p>Fire attack group supervisor and rescue group supervisor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if unsearched rooms are left behind while moving down a hallway?

<p>Safety of the operation may be compromised. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be incorporated into daily routines to enhance safety during firefighting operations?

<p>Reviewing Mayday and self-survival procedures each shift. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized about the use of tactical radios among firefighters?

<p>Radios require the same level of respect as advanced medical equipment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fires behave differently in modern construction compared to legacy construction?

<p>Fires in modern construction burn more rapidly and differently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should firefighters avoid the assumption that house fires are routine?

<p>It can lead to decreased readiness and increased risk of injury or death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vital tactic for managing a Mayday situation during firefighting operations?

<p>Knowing what to communicate if a Mayday call is activated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important procedural focus during the morning check for firefighters?

<p>Integrating Mayday procedures into daily routine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for dividing fire attack and rescue groups during a house fire?

<p>To enhance the efficiency of simultaneous operations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial timeline is mentioned for successfully moving a victim to definitive care?

<p>6-8 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding home construction in firefighting operations?

<p>To identify unique fire behavior patterns in each building style (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to contribute to the decision-making process during fire emergencies?

<p>The geographical location of the incident (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of viewing house fires as routine?

<p>Underestimation of the dangers involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'McMansions' relevant to fire safety?

<p>They often contain large open spaces that can spread fire rapidly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is critical in minimizing total time to treatment (TTT) for victims after rescue?

<p>Close coordination between rescue and medical group supervisors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome if unsearched rooms are neglected during fire and rescue operations?

<p>Victims in those rooms may be left in life-threatening conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Roof Division Supervisor

A supervisor on the roof responsible for coordinating ventilation efforts with other divisions and maintaining situational awareness.

Vertical Ventilation Strategy

A coordinated strategy where crews on the roof use tools to create openings for ventilation, aiming to control smoke and heat.

Vertical Ventilation Team

A critical aspect of vertical ventilation involving an officer on the roof supervising the process, a firefighter creating openings, and another firefighter cutting openings for better ventilation.

Minimum Roof Crew Requirement

A critical safety measure where a minimum of three personnel are recommended for vertical ventilation to ensure the safety of the crew and prevent incidents like firefighters falling through the roof.

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Roof Division Supervisor Assignment for Truck Companies

A tactical structure where personnel on a firetruck, even if not operating on the roof, are assigned specific roles to maintain safety and control, particularly during ventilation.

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Division C Operations

A strategy where crews work from the back of the house to coordinate operations, specifically fire attack and search, followed by salvage and overhaul.

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Division Supervisor

A tactical supervisor who coordinates the efforts of all crews operating within a specific division, ensuring coordinated operations and preventing redundant efforts.

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Fire Attack Group Supervisor & Rescue Group Supervisor

A tactical structure designed for rescue operations where two separate supervisors are assigned: one for fire attack and search, and the other for rescue operations, streamlining efforts.

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Mayday

A situation where a firefighter is in danger and needs immediate assistance. This is a critical event.

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PASS Device

A personal alert safety system (PASS) is a device worn by firefighters that activates an alarm in case of an emergency, such as falling unconscious.

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Tactical Channel

The tactical channel is the main communication frequency used by firefighters on the scene. All firefighters should be tuned into the correct channel.

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Teamwork in Firefighting

A critical safety measure whereby firefighters maintain constant communication and visibility of each other during operations.

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Modern Construction Fire Behavior

Modern construction materials and techniques often contribute to faster fire spread and more intense heat compared to older buildings. Firefighters need to adjust their tactics accordingly.

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Legacy Construction Fire Behavior

Older buildings, typically constructed with wood and other flammable materials, pose specific fire risks. Firefighters need to understand these risks and adapt their strategies.

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Lack of Respect for House Fires

Failing to acknowledge the inherent dangers of house fires due to their perceived 'routine' nature can lead to complacency and potentially catastrophic consequences.

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Fireground Safety Culture

Prioritizing fireground safety by staying vigilant, understanding the changing nature of fire behavior, and constantly reviewing critical procedures is essential for firefighter survival.

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House fires are the most common cause of fire deaths

The majority of fire-related deaths and injuries occur in house fires, which comprise a significant portion of reported fires.

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What makes house fires dangerous?

Many factors contribute to the danger of house fires, including improper remodeling, hoarding, increased occupancy, and conversions to commercial or healthcare uses without proper safety measures.

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What are the leading causes of house fires?

The most common cause of house fires is cooking, followed by heating, electrical issues, intentional fires, and smoking materials.

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How has smoke changed in house fires?

Modern materials release more flammable smoke, increasing the risk of fire spread and making it harder to escape.

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Why are garage fires dangerous in house fires?

Garage fires are common in house fires, often intensifying the fire due to the presence of flammable materials.

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Are all house fires equal?

Despite their size, house fires can be extremely dangerous due to factors like hoarding, rapid fire spread, and limited access for firefighters.

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What are the challenges firefighters face with house fires?

Even small houses can pose significant challenges for firefighters due to factors such as hoarding and limited access, emphasizing the need for proper safety protocols.

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Why are house fires a serious concern?

House fires should not be underestimated, as they require careful planning and appropriate safety measures, regardless of size.

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What is an attached garage fire?

An attached garage fire is a fire that begins in a garage that is structurally connected to the living space of a home.

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What is the Victim Profile (VP)?

The victim profile (VP) is information about the potential occupants of a building, including their location and condition.

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What's the first-arriving engine's priority?

The first-arriving engine company should prioritize life safety and establish command, which involves assessing the situation and making initial operational decisions.

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What's the first company's role in identifying the victim profile?

The first company to arrive at a fire scene needs to determine the potential victims and their locations.

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What is an offensive firefighting strategy?

An offensive firefighting strategy involves actively attacking the fire to extinguish it.

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What's the role of the second-arriving company at a fire?

The second company arriving at the fire scene should support the first company by providing tactical assistance, such as a water supply.

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Why should firefighters confine the fire to its origin?

Confining the fire to its point of origin prevents it from spreading and helps contain the damage.

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Why is it dangerous when a garage fire extends into the living space?

When a garage fire extends into the living space, it poses a greater risk to the home and its occupants.

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Reverse Flow Path

The action of directing fire, smoke, heat, and other byproducts of combustion away from a building's interior by taking advantage of pressure differentials and airflow.

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Confinement and Compartmentalization

A tactic used to isolate a fire, particularly in garages and attics, by preventing it from spreading to other areas of the building.

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Life Safety

A strategy that involves prioritizing the protection of the occupants by quickly locating and evacuating them from a burning building.

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Outside-In Attack

A common method in fighting attic fires where firefighters use a hoseline to attack the fire from the exterior of the building, rather than entering the attic space directly.

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Vertical Ventilation

The process of creating openings in a structure's roof or walls to allow smoke, heat, and gases to escape, helping to control the fire and improve visibility.

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Garage Fires

A common area where fires frequently originate, presenting challenges due to potential fire spread to an attached living space.

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Attic Fires

Areas above the main living space that are prone to fire spread due to their construction and potential access points.

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Common Ignition Sources

Flammable materials, including discarded ashes, cigarettes, and oily rags, that can easily ignite and spread fire quickly.

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Fire Attack and Rescue Groups

A coordinated approach where fire attack and rescue operations are separated into distinct teams led by dedicated supervisors, streamlining action and preventing one supervisor from becoming overwhelmed.

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Time to Treatment (TTT)

The critical time frame in which a victim needs to be removed from a fire and reach ALS intervention to have a significant chance of survival.

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McMansions

Homes with larger square footage, often built with lightweight materials and open spaces, potentially leading to fast-spreading fires and safety concerns.

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Localized Fire Structures

Structures such as detached homes, duplexes, and townhouses where fires tend to be localized and manageable.

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Home Construction Knowledge

A critical factor in incident command decisions, understanding the construction methods and materials common in a specific area.

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Multiple Divisions for Large-Scale Fire

The approach of using one or more divisions to address large-scale fire events, with a dedicated rescue group focusing on known victims.

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House Fire

The primary type of structure fire encountered by firefighters, posing significant risks and requiring careful planning and tactics.

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Complacency in Firefighting

A critical aspect of firefighting, where a crew's complacency toward common scenarios can lead to dangerous outcomes and potentially tragic consequences.

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Study Notes

Section II: Commanding Structure Fires

  • Single-family dwellings are stand-alone residential structures for one family, ranging in size.
  • Large estate dwellings (McMansions) exceed 3,000 square feet and are characterized by open floor plans and tall ceilings.
  • Different types exist, including but not limited to Craftsman, Victorian, Queen Anne, split level, modern, and mobile homes.
  • Some homes may have features like wine cellars, theaters, multiple kitchens, and service entries
  • Photo of a single-family dwelling with an attached garage fire is included.

Introduction

  • Firefighters sometimes encounter unthinkable situations, such as fires in older homes.

  • Fire crews may be dispatched to house fires with smoke and flames visible from the second floor.

  • Firefighters often face zero visibility upon reaching the second floor, due to heavy smoke.

  • The initial search may be conducted by crawling for heat or other indicators to locate the seat of the fire.

  • Firefighters must be prepared and trained to use multiple tactics to handle house fires effectively.

  • The use of thermal imaging cameras (TIC) can aid in locating heat sources and victims.

The Stilt Court Fire

  • A first alarm, structure fire occurred in a two-story dwelling.

  • Smoke billowed, initially from the upstairs levels of the home, and offensive attack was initiated with a 1 3/4" attack line, entering through the front door.

  • The fire's origin was confirmed in the master bedroom on the second floor.

  • A fire started in the kitchen, but the fire spread to upstairs.

  • A firefighter was injured due to extreme heat; he was able to escape the house and receive medical treatment.

  • A resident of the home was lost in the fire.

Tactical Supervision

  • Fire departments utilize different approaches to command and organization.

  • Some departments use ICS structure while others do not.

  • The span of control of the Incident Commander (IC) may be too high if several companies are responding to house fires.

  • Division supervisors effectively bridge the tactical gap.

  • It is crucial to consider a 360-degree perspective around the exterior of the structure and assess every angle prior to entering the structure.

  • Divisions and groups play a key role by communicating inside and outside, so there is accountability of each crew.

Tactical Decision-Making Disclaimer

  • Tactics are continually debated and updated with scientific research and experience.

  • Older firefighters' tactics and knowledge are often invaluable.

  • Experience is key in dealing with various factors, such as fire growth, space, and the occupants of a structure.

Fire Attack/Vent Coordination

  • Fire crews must quickly assess conditions, determine the proper course of action, and execute it.

  • A critical tactic is to determine if the attic or other locations above the living space are involved.

  • Vertical ventilation, combined with fire attack, can be effective in containing the fire and potentially saving lives. A variety of tools can be utilized to cut through the roof and vent the smoke and flames.

Attic Fires

  • Attic fires are common, typically caused by electrical or other ignition sources in the attic space.

  • Fire can spread through gaps in the roof and exterior walls.

  • Attic fires can spread rapidly if not detected and controlled quickly.

  • When ventilation is required, be mindful to vent from areas the fewest occupants can get to.

  • Using water is crucial to put the fire out.

Exterior Control - Transitional Attack

  • Transitional attacks are a crucial offensive strategy used to address the issues of a fire spreading to other parts of the house.

  • Transitional attack is best used when there is an immediate threat of danger to occupants based on fire dynamics.

  • Effective entry into the building, whether through a window or doorway, and an attack from the entry point is key.

  • Crews should quickly enter the house to establish an attack point to contain the fire.

ICS for House Fires

  • A simple ICS structure (example, 4-1) can be effective for handling the operations of a smaller house fire.

  • A division supervisor located on the ground floor is in a better position to observe and supervise the crews entering the structure.

  • A dedicated roof division is required for roof-related operations.

Larger Home

  • Larger, multi-level homes require a more complex ICS structure with multiple divisions to maximize overall supervision.

  • Ground-floor supervisors should be stationed at primary entry points to effectively manage the crews working in the structure.

  • Roof and other areas above the living space require a well-defined division supervisor.

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MFC Ch8 - Single-Family Dwellings PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on firefighting tactics and the potential consequences of poor execution during fire incidents. This quiz covers topics such as fire extension into attic spaces, common ignition sources, and crucial initial actions for fire response. Ideal for students and professionals in fire safety.

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