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Questions and Answers
What attitude might many drivers exhibit while driving on freeways?
Mechanical issues with a vehicle can prevent a driver from stopping in time.
True
Which vehicles are often staffed by operators to block traffic on freeways?
Ladder trucks respond on many freeway responses as extrication companies.
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Which of the following sections is NOT included in the manual?
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should always be followed.
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What is the operating pressure and flow rate of the 904K Piercing Nozzle?
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Which type of nozzle covers a 36-foot diameter area when flowing?
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What is an advantage of the Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD?
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What type of fires is the Amerex 240 H water can intended for?
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What type of shutoff creates turbulence within smooth bore nozzles?
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Integrated tips can be found in Chief XD nozzles.
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Which foam concentrate is recommended for hydrocarbons?
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The Badger type of extinguisher can be filled via the nozzle.
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Which statement is true regarding the ADULTS acronym?
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What type of foam should be used for Class A operations?
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The larger the hose size, the lesser the gallons per minute (GPM).
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What is an advantage of the triple fold hose load?
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What is a disadvantage of the modified minuteman 100' bundle?
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The modified minuteman 50' bundle deploys quicker than the triple fold.
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What is the purpose of placing a small loop in the rear of the bundle when building a 100' minuteman bundle?
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Which of the following nozzles is associated with the 2 ½” handline? (Select all that apply)
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How much hose needs to be loaded for a 200' preconnect?
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Firefighters can effectively use the 2” line for longer stretches due to decreased friction loss.
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What is a disadvantage of the modified minuteman 50' bundle?
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What is a main advantage of using larger handlines like the 2 ½” over the 1 ¾” lines?
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It is easier to manipulate the larger handlines like the 2 ½” compared to the 1 ¾” lines.
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What should firefighters do to ensure they are operating effectively during an attack?
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Study Notes
904K Piercing Nozzle
- Utilizes a 1.5” national standard threaded connection and a 1.25” diameter shaft.
- Offers up to 25’ of coverage in all directions, covering approximately 2,500 square feet.
- Includes a replaceable hardened steel tip and is constructed of 1020 soft alloy steel.
- Has a removable safety strike handle and a replaceable strike plate.
- Can be extended using 24” extensions.
- Has a flow rate of 175 GPM at 100 PSI.
Bresnan Distributor
- Chrome-plated finish with 2 ½” female coupling.
- Covers a 36' diameter area when flowing.
- Features nine outlets ranging in size from 0.5” to 0.625”.
- Has a flow rate of 340 GPM at 50 PSI and 495 GPM at 100 PSI.
Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD
- Includes a hydraulic stability system to secure the nozzle during operation.
- Features four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide tipped ground spikes.
- Has a locking pin keeping the valve closed unless actively in use.
- Includes a 2 ½” inlet and outlet.
- Can travel 20 left and right from center.
- Flows up to 500 GPM but cannot exceed 150 psi.
- Offers a 1 3/8” deluge tip with a flow rate of 505 GPM at 80 psi.
Mercury Quick Attack Monitor/MQA
- Offers flows up to 500 GPM with a minimal 6 PSI friction loss at 500 GPM.
- Tip can rotate 20 left or right from center.
- Can be operated from 60 down to 20.
- Comes equipped with triple stacked tips (1”, 1-1/8”, 1-1/4”, and 1-3/8”) with varying flow rates at 80 psi.
- Offers a 1-1/2” deluge tip option with a flow rate of 496 GPM at 55 psi.
Fire Extinguishers
- CFD engines feature various extinguishers classified and rated by UL for specific fire types.
Recharging Water Cans
- CFD uses both normal water cans and Badger WP-61 water cans.
- Badger WP-61 water cans offer unique specifications and require specific refilling methods.
Positioning on Roadways
- Firefighters need to consider the dangers of operating around moving traffic on roadways, especially during emergencies
- The goals of law enforcement and fire service differ in traffic incidents. Law enforcement wants to get traffic moving again, whereas fire service aims to ensure the safety of personnel and secure the scene
- When considering positioning, firefighters should consider factors like location, conditions, caller information, known hazards, and the best way to stage apparatus to protect crews. The biggest trucks should be used as blockers, keeping all personnel in the same safe area, preventing crews from crossing lanes of traffic on foot.
- Drivers need to be careful as emergency vehicles can be hit by drivers.
- When driving on a freeway, especially in slick conditions, firefighters need to slow down and allow extra space between vehicles in anticipation of accidents.
- Firefighters should use the engine behind the accident as a blocker, creating a physical barrier against any potential collisions. Using a long hose line (200' 1 ¾”) creates a buffer zone between the vehicle and the engine, providing more space and safety for personnel.
- Firefighters should consider positioning for the pump operator. It may be safer for the pump operator to "set it and forget it" when the pump needs to be used, as they can take a place of safety ahead of the scene.
- Medics unit can park in front of the wreckage, allowing for an easy exit. Rescues can park beside or slightly ahead of the wreckage, providing good access to tools and lighting for an extrication.
- Battalions Chiefs and EMS/Rescue Supervisors should park ahead of the wreckage whenever possible.
- Once the engine is positioned for firefighters' protection, it is recommended the engine stays in place, even on non-injury accidents, until the accident site is rendered safe for our personnel to leave.
State Farm Blockers
- The Ohio Department of Transportation works with sponsor companies, such as State Farm, to fund and staff freeway assistance vehicles.
Hose Deployment Overview
- The section discusses attack line packages and techniques used by CFD.
- Deployment of hose lines will vary across the city
- Communication is crucial for the deployment of hose lines
Hose Advancement & Teamwork
- Hose advancement is about teamwork and communication
- Slow and smooth hose advancement is efficient
- Moving quickly and pulling hose tight makes the stretch harder
- Patience and good pace is necessary
Hose Advancement Communication
- Moving Up: Signals the next person on the line to bring hose and move up to that pinch point
- Fire Room: Signals that water will soon be applied to the fire
- I Need ___ Feet: Signals that more hose is needed instead of yelling “more hose”
Hose Team Positions
- A – Attack: Responsible for pulling and flaking out the hose line and bringing the first 50’ coupling to the door. Checks nozzle and attack package before entry for reach, pressure and penetration. Moves in a three-point stance, using the pistol grip to advance the line.
- B – Backup: Responsible for forcing the front door if needed. Sweeps the immediate egress area around the door and checks for Life, Fire and Layout. Assists with hose advancement by minding pinch points and pre-loading.
- C – Control: Responsible for managing the line from the backup firefighter to the door. Assists with fixing kinks outside the structure and pre-loading hose.
- D – Door: Responsible for managing the line outside the structure up to the front door. Removes kinks, helps split the door and keeps a neat entryway. Assists with hose advancement by minding any pinch points
Hose Line Selection
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Initial Line Selection:
- Single room or contents fire up to three rooms: 1 ¾” hose line
- More than three rooms of fire: Two 1 ¾” hose lines or one 2” hose line
- One floor or more of fire: 2 ½” hose line
- Commercial structure: Consider a 2” or 2 ½” hose line
- Defensive operations: Consider master streams
Exponential Engine Theory
- Brian Brush: The goal is to have enough water to safely extinguish the number of BTUs burning.
- Every line on the engine shouldn't be set up to fight the same fire. Different weapons for different fights
- Increasing to the next larger line/nozzle size should approximately double the GPM available.
When to pull a 2 ½” handline
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Andy Fredericks: The ADULTS acronym outlines situations when a 2 ½” hand line should be used
- Advanced fire on arrival
- Defensive operations
- Unable to determine the extent of the fire area involved
- Large, non-compartmentalized areas
- Tons of water
- Standpipe system operations
2” Handline Target Flow
- Target flow between 200 and 250 GPM
- Nozzles: Smooth bore with 1” tip (210 GPM), Smooth bore with 1 1/16” tip (240 GPM), 250/50 combination nozzle (250 GPM)
- Disadvantages: Doesn’t meet the industry standard of 250 GPM for commercial occupancies
- Can be used as a longer line option for difficult stretches in compartmentalized structures.
2 ½” Handline Target Flow
- Target flow between 260 GPM and 328 GPM
- Nozzles: Smooth bore with 1 1/8” tip (266 GPM), Smooth bore with 1 3/16” tip (296 GPM), Smooth bore with 1 ¼” tip (328 GPM)
- Flows of more than 300 GPM are not recommended unless in a fixed position (quick attack, RAM XD monitor, Keenan loop)
2” Handline Layout
- Normally loaded on the cross lay bed
- Preconnected 200 foot hose load
2 ½” Handline Layout
- Normally loaded on the rear of the engine
- Static load of 200 or 300 feet
- Preconnected to the rear discharge or not preconnected with the female coupling in the bed
Deployment Strategies
- “Attack over Supply” Orientation: Helps with advancement by raising the first 50 feet of hose off the ground.
- Deploy inline with respect to the advance: Reduces friction and improves efficiency.
Hose Loads Overview
- CFD engines utilize three main, more common hose loads: triple fold, modified minuteman – 50' bundle, and modified minuteman – 100' bundle
Triple Fold
- Advantages: deploys faster than modified minuteman loads, less deployment error due to fewer moving parts
- Disadvantages: lacks versatility around obstacles like cars and fences, lacks shoulder load for tight spaces
Modified Minuteman – 50’ Bundle
- Advantages: easier shoulder management compared to the 100' bundle, better car splitting ability than a triple layer load
- Disadvantages: 50' may not be enough to reach objectives, slower deployment than triple fold, susceptible to deployment issues due to additional moving parts
Modified Minuteman – 100’ Bundle
- Advantages: greater obstacle versatility than triple fold, shorter, manageable dead stack, provides more hose near entry-point, easier car splitting, more hose on the firefighter's shoulder versus on the ground
- Disadvantages: difficult shoulder management, prone to "spaghetti" without straps, slower deployment than triple fold, susceptible to deployment issues due to additional moving parts
Building a 100’ Minuteman Bundle
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Building a 100' bundle is a two-step process:
- Step One - building the 100' bundle section (the live stack)
- Step Two - loading the remaining hose (the dead stack) and connecting it to the 100' bundle
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Building the bundle:
- Place marks or use a 6' hook to determine bundle size, slightly shorter than the hose bed
- Place the nozzle coupling at the first mark, approximately 12"-14" past the end of the hook if no marks are present.
- Fold the hose on its side, away from you, building the pack outward
- Place a small loop in the rear of the bundle at the midpoint of the first 50' of hose to easily grab for a back stretch or split stretch
- Continue folding the hose until reaching the 50’ connection coupling, keep the coupling at the front
- Place a small loop in the rear of the bundle at the midpoint of the second 50’ section of hose
- Finish folding the hose, connect the nozzle, and fold it over the front of the bundle
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Finishing the load:
- Connect the first 50' section of hose to the pump discharge plumbing
- Load the hose in a single straight stack, with a loop placed in the stack approximately 50' into the load
- Slide the premade 100' bundle into the opening next to the dead stack, connecting couplings
- If using a single stack configuration, load the dead stack on the bottom, stack the 100' bundle on top, connect the couplings
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of freeway operations for firefighters, including communication strategies, vehicle issues, and operational priorities. It highlights Standard Operating Procedures and the principles vital for ensuring safety during freeway runs. Test your knowledge on specific practices and knowledge essential for effective freeway firefighting.
