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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum travel distance to exits in a facility with a sprinkler system?
What is the required minimum corridor width for hotels?
What is the occupant load per person in in-patient treatment departments?
In residential buildings, what is the occupant load per person except for single and two-family dwellings?
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What is the maximum travel distance from an apartment entrance to an exit without a sprinkler system?
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What is the minimum width required for a means of egress?
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For an occupant load of 600, how many exits are required?
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What is the maximum height allowed for a threshold in exit doors?
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What is the minimum headroom required for exits?
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What is the required maximum force to operate panic hardware on exit doors?
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How high should exit signs be marked for visibility?
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What is the maximum travel distance to exits for individual rooms with a maximum occupant load of 6?
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Which of the following is NOT allowed as a means of egress?
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What is FALAR 1 primarily focused on?
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Which document serves as certification that construction was in accordance with FALAR 1?
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What is required for buildings with an occupant load of at least 50?
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What does the FSEC confirm?
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What scenario requires the preparation of FALAR 2?
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Which document includes the maintenance and testing records required periodically?
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What is the main purpose of the FSIC?
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Which component is NOT a part of FALAR 2?
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What is a fire wall designed to do in a building?
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What constitutes a means of egress in a building?
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Which of the following describes a fire trap?
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What is the role of the Fire Marshall in building inspections?
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What is a fire hazard?
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What does a sprinkler system do when activated?
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What is the minimum height for a building to be classified as a high-rise building?
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What is the minimum width for exit access from sleeping rooms in single and two-family dwellings?
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What is the role of the Fire Marshall before the issuance of an occupancy permit?
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What is the travel distance to exit for business occupancies without sprinklers?
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What is the purpose of a fire alerting system?
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What is the maximum occupant load factor for industrial occupancies?
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What does occupant load refer to in a building?
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What is the minimum corridor width required for industrial occupancies?
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For mercantile occupancies, what is the gross area classification for Class A?
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What is the maximum travel distance without sprinklers for industrial occupancies?
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What is the minimum travel distance to exit for high rise buildings with sprinklers?
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What is the required sprinkler system for high-rise buildings?
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Study Notes
Fire Safety Definitions
- Fire Alarm: Audible or visual signal indicating a fire.
- Fire Alerting System: Activates upon fire detection, transmitting signals to designated locations instead of a general alarm.
- Fire Wall: A structural wall with a fire resistance rating of at least 4 hours, designed to prevent fire spread.
- Flame Retardant: A compound that increases a material's fire resistance.
Building Classification
- High-Rise Building: Buildings exceeding 15 meters in height.
- Horizontal Exit: A passageway connecting two buildings at similar floor levels.
- Means of Egress: A clear and continuous route of exit from any point in a building to a public way.
- Occupancy: The designated use of a building or space.
- Occupant Load: The maximum number of persons allowed in a building or space.
- Overloading: Using electrical appliances exceeding the electrical system's capacity.
- Sprinkler System: A piping system with regularly placed outlets that automatically discharge water when activated by heat or fire.
Additional Fire Safety Terms
- Fire Hazard: A condition or action increasing the likelihood of fire or hindering firefighting.
- Fire Trap: A building with inadequate exits or easily flammable materials, posing a fire risk.
- Fire Lane: A portion of a roadway kept clear for fire fighting vehicles.
- Flame Spread Rating: The time it takes for a flame to spread over a material's surface.
Rule 9: Enforcement of Fire Safety Measures
- General Enforcement: Fire Marshal conducts inspections. Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) is required for occupancy and business permits.
- Building Plan Review: The Fire Marshal reviews building plans (FALAR 1 required).
- Construction Inspection: Fire Marshal inspects ongoing construction work.
- Inspection after Completion: Fire Marshal inspects upon completion (FALAR 2 required for FSIC).
- Routine Inspection: Regular inspections are conducted to ensure compliance.
FALAR (Fire and Life Safety Assessment Report)
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Types of FALAR:
- FALAR 1: Documents safety features of a facility.
- FALAR 2: Contractor/CM certificate confirming construction adherence to FALAR 1.
- FALAR 3: Documents periodic maintenance.
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Applicability:
- FALAR 1 & 2: Required for all buildings.
- FALAR 3: Required annually for buildings with occupant load of 50 or more.
FSEC (Fire Safety Evaluation Clearance)
- Purpose: Issued when building plans meet Fire Code standards.
- Requirement: Needed for building permits.
FSIC (Fire Safety Inspection Certificate)
- Purpose: Certifies that a building has passed inspection.
- Requirement: Mandatory for occupancy permits, business permits, and various other licenses/accreditations.
Understanding FSIC, FSEC, and FALAR
- Scenario 1: Building Permit: Building permit requires FSEC, which requires plan review and submission of FALAR 1.
- Scenario 2: Occupancy Permit: Occupancy permit requires FSIC, which requires an inspection and the submission of FALAR 2.
- Scenario 3: Business Permit: Business permit requires FSIC, which requires an inspection and the submission of FALAR 3.
Rule 10: Fire Safety Measures
Means of Egress
- Definition: A clear and uninterrupted path from any point in a building to a public way.
- Minimum Width: 915mm.
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Number of Exits:
- 0-499 occupant load: 2 exits.
- 500-1000 occupant load: 3 exits.
- 1000 or more: 4 exits.
Travel Distance to Exits
- General: Varies based on occupancy.
- Individual Rooms (occupant load 6 or less): 15 meters from any point in the room.
Discharge from Exits
- Requirements: Exits should lead directly to a public way or an exit discharge area (yards, courts, open spaces, etc.). If exits continue beyond the floor of discharge, an interruption is needed.
Headroom
- Minimum Height: 2.00m.
Doors
- Self-Closing Mechanism: All exit doors must have self-closing mechanisms.
- Clear Opening: 710mm-1220mm.
- Maximum Threshold Height: 13mm.
Panic Hardware
- Definition: A device that allows doors to open by pushing from the inside.
- Maximum Required Force: 7kg-f.
- Location: 2/3 the width of the door, 760-112mm above the floor.
Stairs
- Requirement: All designated egress stairways must be continuous from the top floor to the ground floor.
- Standards: Separate requirements for new and existing stairs apply.
- Handrails: 760mm-865mm from upper surface of tread.
Ramps
- Compliance: Shall meet specific requirements for ramps.
Fire Escape Stairs
- Allowed: Only in existing buildings.
- Maximum Capacity: Should not exceed 50% of the required exit capacity.
Ladders
- Not Allowed: Ladders are not permitted as fire escapes or means of egress.
Exit Marking
- Labeling: Clearly label all exits with "EXIT".
- Directional Signs: Provide directions to exits in areas where travel is not obvious.
- Letter Size: "EXIT" letters should be at least 15cm high with strokes of at least 19mm wide.
Emergency Evacuation Plan
-
Requirements:
- Minimum letter size and posted in visible locations.
- Photoluminescent background.
Features of Fire Protection
Protection of Vertical Openings
- Requirement: Stairways, elevator shafts, chutes, and other vertical openings must be enclosed or protected to prevent fire spread, unless protected by automatic fire suppression systems.
Sprinkler Vent Method
- Application: Suitable for escalators.
- Components: Automatic detection system, automatic exhaust system, and automatic water curtain.
Spray Nozzle Method
- Components: Automatic fire or smoke detection system and high-velocity water spray nozzles.
Partial Enclosure Method
- Process: Enclosing the opening (e.g., escalator) with partitions.
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Travel Distance to Exits:
- 46 meters with sprinkler system
- 61 meters without sprinkler system
Minimum Corridor Width
- Standard: 1.83m
Special Provisions for Preschools
- Location: Rooms for preschoolers and first and second graders should not be located below or above the floor of the exit discharge.
Healthcare
Occupant Loads
- Sleeping Departments: 11.1sqm/person.
- In-patient Treatment Departments: 22.3sqm/person.
Door Widths
- Sleeping Rooms, Diagnostic and Treatment Rooms (surgery, X-ray, PT, etc.): 1120mm.
- All Other Rooms: 910mm.
Detention and Correctional
Occupant Load
- Standard: 11.1sqm/person
Travel Distance to Exits
- Room Doors: 30.00m between a room door used for exit access and an exit.
- Any Point in a Room: 46.00m between any point in a room and an exit.
- Sleeping Rooms: 10.00m between any point in a sleeping room to the door of that room.
Residential
Occupant Load
- Standard: 18.60sqm/person.
- Exceptions: Single and two-family dwellings.
Hotels
- Minimum Corridor Width: 1120mm.
- Minimum Number of Exits: 2 exits per floor.
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Travel Distance to Exits:
- Room Door to Exit: 30.00m.
- Guest Suite to Corridor Door: 23.00m (without sprinklers).
- Guest Suite to Corridor Door: 38.00m (with sprinklers).
Apartment Buildings
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Minimum Corridor Width:
- Less than 50 Persons: 910mm.
- More than 50 Persons: 1120mm.
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Travel Distance to Exits:
- Unit to Nearest Exit: 15.50m, maximum one story away.
- Apartment Entrance to Exit: 31.00m, or 46.50m with sprinklers.
Single and Two-Family Dwellings
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Requirements
- Escape Routes: Every habitable room with more than 2 rooms must have at least 2 escape routes, including a door/stairway.
- Access Restrictions: No habitable room should be accessible only by ladders, folding stairs, or trapdoors.
- Sleeping Room Windows: Each sleeping room requires at least one window.
- Exterior Access Width: Exit access from sleeping rooms to the exterior should be at least 900mm wide.
- Door Width: Doors in the path of travel should be at least 700mm wide.
Mercantile
- Definition: Stores, markets, malls, supermarkets, department stores, and restaurants with less than 50 occupants.
-
Classes:
- Class A: Gross area of 2,787sqm or more, 3 floors.
- Class B: Gross area of 287-2,787sqm, 2 floors.
- Class C: Gross area less than 287sqm, street floor only.
Occupant Load
- Street Floor or Below: 2.80sqm/person.
- Upper Floors: 5.60sqm/person.
- Floors Not Open to Public/Offices: 9.30sqm/person.
- Covered Malls: 2.8sqm/person.
Maximum Travel Distance
- Without Sprinklers: 30.00m.
- With Sprinklers: 46.00m.
Business
- Definition: Businesses other than mercantile, typically offering services (e.g., doctor/lawyer/dentist offices, internet shops, barbershops, general offices).
Occupant Load
- Standard: 9.30sqm/person.
Travel Distance to Exit
- Without Sprinklers: 46.00m.
- With Sprinklers: 61.00m.
High Rise Buildings
- Definition: Buildings with a distance of 15.00m or more between the top floor and ground level.
- Height Measurement: Measured from the lowest level of fire department vehicle access to the highest occupiable floor.
- Sprinkler System: A fully electrically supervised sprinkler system is required in all high-rise buildings.
Other Occupancies
Industrial
- Occupant Load: 9.30sqm/person
- Minimum Corridor Width: 1120mm
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Travel Distance to Exit:
- No Sprinklers: 31.00m.
- With Sprinklers: 46.00m.
Exit Capacity
- Measurement: Based on the width of exit components (corridors, ramps, stairways).
- Calculation: Width/person, determining the capacity based on the number of people needing to pass.
Occupant Load
- Calculation: Floor area/occupant load factor.
- Significance: The maximum number of individuals allowed in a space at any given time.
Fire Protection Features
Places of Assembly
- Specific Requirements: Details for places of assembly (e.g., theaters, auditoriums, etc.).
Educational Occupancies
- Specific Requirements: Details for educational occupancies (e.g., schools, colleges, etc.).
Healthcare
- Specific Requirements: Additional details for healthcare facilities.
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Description
This quiz covers important definitions related to fire safety and classifications of buildings. Test your knowledge on terms such as fire walls, means of egress, and occupancy. Understanding these concepts is crucial for ensuring safety in various building environments.
