40 Questions
What is the classification formula composed of?
Figures and letters
What is the purpose of the principle of ridge counting and ridge tracing?
To evaluate fingerprints
What is represented by a numerical value in the PRIMARY DIVISION?
Whorl patterns
What is the basis for the capital letter in the SECONDARY DIVISION?
Index fingers
What is the purpose of the pre-established fraction of l/1 in the PRIMARY DIVISION?
To complete the primary division
How are the numerical values assigned to fingers in the PRIMARY DIVISION?
Even-numbered fingers have lower values
What is the difference between the numerator and denominator in the PRIMARY DIVISION?
Numerator is the sum of even-numbered fingers, denominator is the sum of odd-numbered fingers
What is the basis for the small letter in the SECONDARY DIVISION?
Thumb, middle, ring, and little fingers
What is the primary purpose of the Reference Classification Formula?
To serve as a reference in case of doubtful prints
How many points of similarities are required in England for a fingerprint match?
16
What is the primary factor considered in the Philippines for fingerprint analysis?
Educational background and experience of the examiner
Who has the authority to declare a person an expert witness?
Judge
What type of latent print requires developing for visibility?
Invisible prints
What is the primary factor that affects the stability of prints at the crime scene?
All of the above
What is the simplest method used in developing prints at the scene of the crime?
Dusting method
What type of substance is used in the fuming method of developing prints?
Iodine fumes
What is considered as one when there are four or even number of rods within the recurving ridge?
The two innermost rods
What happens to the ridge when an appendage abuts upon the outside of the recurve at a right angle?
The ridge is destroyed
How are two loops, side by side, within one recurving ridge considered?
As one loop with the core placed on the inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta
What happens when two loops are interlocking?
The loops are considered as one, with the core placed at the point of interlocking
Where is the core placed when the innermost loop has an appendage on the outside of the recurve at a right angle?
On the next outside loop
What is the purpose of ridge counting in loop fingerprint patterns?
To count the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the core and delta
What is not counted in ridge counting?
Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated and creases
When are fragments and dot ridges counted as ridges in ridge counting?
Only if they appear as thick as the surrounding ridges
What is the primary function of collodion in the context of photography?
To act as a wound dressing material
Who founded the Eastman Kodak company and invented roll film?
George Eastman
What is the literal definition of photography?
To write with light
What is the technical definition of photography?
Any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical or electronic recording of images
What is the difference between a photograph and a picture?
A photograph is a mechanical and chemical result, while a picture is a generic term
What is the primary focus of police photography?
To study the principles of photography and reproduce photographic evidence
What is the primary function of forensic photography?
To document crime scenes and evidence for laboratory examination
What is the purpose of comparative examination and analysis of questioned photographs or pictures?
To compare it to a known photograph
What is the main difference between color negative film and color reversal film?
The final output of the image
Which layer of the color film is sensitive to blue and green light, but not to red light?
Green filter
What is the purpose of the yellow filter in the color film?
To absorb blue light
What is the name of the process used to develop photographic papers?
Gelatin-silver process
What is the function of the anti-halation backing or coating in the color film?
To prevent halation
What is the main difference between a color negative film and a photographic paper?
The method of exposure
What is the name of the layer in the color film that is sensitive to blue and red light, but not to green light?
Red filter
What is the purpose of the blue filter in the color film?
To allow green and red light to pass through
Study Notes
Fingerprint Ridge Counting
- If there are four or an even number of rods within the recurving ridge, the two innermost rods are considered as one.
- When two loops are side by side within one recurving ridge, the two loops are considered as one and the core is placed on the inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta.
- If two loops are interlocking, the loops are considered as one, and the core is placed at the point of interlocking.
- The core cannot be placed on a recurving ridge having an appendage.
Ridge Counting Rules
- In a loop fingerprint pattern, locate the delta and core.
- Draw an imaginary line between the core and delta.
- Count all ridges that touch or cross the imaginary line drawn between the core and delta.
- Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated, and creases are not counted.
- Fragments and dot ridges are counted as ridges only if they appear as thick as the surrounding ridges.
Classification Formula
- A numerical description of a set of fingerprints composed of figures and letters written above the horizontal line.
- Result of evaluation and interpretation of the 10 fingerprints applying the principle of ridge counting and ridge tracing.
Classification Divisions
- Primary Division: Always represented by a numerical value assigned to whorl patterns depending on what finger they appear.
- Secondary Division: Represented by capital and small letter combinations based on interpretation made during blocking.
- Sub-secondary Division:
- Major Division:
- Final Division:
- Key Division:
Fingerprint Identification
- There is no international rule or law setting the required number of similarities of latent and suspect's fingerprint.
- Each country has its own set of rules for fingerprint identification.
Latent Prints
- Visible prints: readily visible to the naked eye, can be molded prints or prints made by contamination with a colored substance.
- Invisible prints: prints that are generally made by sweat or perspiration that requires developing for visibility.
Photography
- Literal definition: "to write with light" from Greek words Phos (light) and Graphia (write).
- Modern definition: an art or science that deals with the reproduction of images through the action of light upon sensitized materials.
- Technical definition: any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical, or electronic recording of images of scenes or objects formed by some type of radiant energy.
Forensic Photography
- The art or science of photographically documenting a crime scene and evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial.
- Includes taking photographs of the crime scene, suspects, detainees, prisoners, and other physical evidence.
Learn about the rules for counting ridges in fingerprint analysis, including how to handle rods within the recurving ridge and appendages that affect the count.
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