Fingerprint Ridge Counting Rules
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Questions and Answers

What is the classification formula composed of?

  • Shapes and patterns
  • Figures and letters (correct)
  • Symbols and signs
  • Letters only

    • What is the purpose of the principle of ridge counting and ridge tracing?

  • To evaluate fingerprints (correct)
  • To classify fingerprints
  • To analyze fingerprints
  • To interpret fingerprints

    • What is represented by a numerical value in the PRIMARY DIVISION?

  • Loop patterns
  • Whorl patterns (correct)
  • All fingerprint patterns
  • Arch patterns

    • What is the basis for the capital letter in the SECONDARY DIVISION?

    <p>Index fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pre-established fraction of l/1 in the PRIMARY DIVISION?

    <p>To complete the primary division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the numerical values assigned to fingers in the PRIMARY DIVISION?

    <p>Even-numbered fingers have lower values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the numerator and denominator in the PRIMARY DIVISION?

    <p>Numerator is the sum of even-numbered fingers, denominator is the sum of odd-numbered fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the small letter in the SECONDARY DIVISION?

    <p>Thumb, middle, ring, and little fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Reference Classification Formula?

    <p>To serve as a reference in case of doubtful prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many points of similarities are required in England for a fingerprint match?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor considered in the Philippines for fingerprint analysis?

    <p>Educational background and experience of the examiner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who has the authority to declare a person an expert witness?

    <p>Judge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of latent print requires developing for visibility?

    <p>Invisible prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the stability of prints at the crime scene?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest method used in developing prints at the scene of the crime?

    <p>Dusting method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substance is used in the fuming method of developing prints?

    <p>Iodine fumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered as one when there are four or even number of rods within the recurving ridge?

    <p>The two innermost rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ridge when an appendage abuts upon the outside of the recurve at a right angle?

    <p>The ridge is destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are two loops, side by side, within one recurving ridge considered?

    <p>As one loop with the core placed on the inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two loops are interlocking?

    <p>The loops are considered as one, with the core placed at the point of interlocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the core placed when the innermost loop has an appendage on the outside of the recurve at a right angle?

    <p>On the next outside loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ridge counting in loop fingerprint patterns?

    <p>To count the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the core and delta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not counted in ridge counting?

    <p>Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated and creases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are fragments and dot ridges counted as ridges in ridge counting?

    <p>Only if they appear as thick as the surrounding ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of collodion in the context of photography?

    <p>To act as a wound dressing material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the Eastman Kodak company and invented roll film?

    <p>George Eastman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the literal definition of photography?

    <p>To write with light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technical definition of photography?

    <p>Any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical or electronic recording of images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a photograph and a picture?

    <p>A photograph is a mechanical and chemical result, while a picture is a generic term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of police photography?

    <p>To study the principles of photography and reproduce photographic evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of forensic photography?

    <p>To document crime scenes and evidence for laboratory examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of comparative examination and analysis of questioned photographs or pictures?

    <p>To compare it to a known photograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between color negative film and color reversal film?

    <p>The final output of the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the color film is sensitive to blue and green light, but not to red light?

    <p>Green filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the yellow filter in the color film?

    <p>To absorb blue light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process used to develop photographic papers?

    <p>Gelatin-silver process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anti-halation backing or coating in the color film?

    <p>To prevent halation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a color negative film and a photographic paper?

    <p>The method of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer in the color film that is sensitive to blue and red light, but not to green light?

    <p>Red filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the blue filter in the color film?

    <p>To allow green and red light to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fingerprint Ridge Counting

    • If there are four or an even number of rods within the recurving ridge, the two innermost rods are considered as one.
    • When two loops are side by side within one recurving ridge, the two loops are considered as one and the core is placed on the inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta.
    • If two loops are interlocking, the loops are considered as one, and the core is placed at the point of interlocking.
    • The core cannot be placed on a recurving ridge having an appendage.

    Ridge Counting Rules

    • In a loop fingerprint pattern, locate the delta and core.
    • Draw an imaginary line between the core and delta.
    • Count all ridges that touch or cross the imaginary line drawn between the core and delta.
    • Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated, and creases are not counted.
    • Fragments and dot ridges are counted as ridges only if they appear as thick as the surrounding ridges.

    Classification Formula

    • A numerical description of a set of fingerprints composed of figures and letters written above the horizontal line.
    • Result of evaluation and interpretation of the 10 fingerprints applying the principle of ridge counting and ridge tracing.

    Classification Divisions

    • Primary Division: Always represented by a numerical value assigned to whorl patterns depending on what finger they appear.
    • Secondary Division: Represented by capital and small letter combinations based on interpretation made during blocking.
    • Sub-secondary Division:
    • Major Division:
    • Final Division:
    • Key Division:

    Fingerprint Identification

    • There is no international rule or law setting the required number of similarities of latent and suspect's fingerprint.
    • Each country has its own set of rules for fingerprint identification.

    Latent Prints

    • Visible prints: readily visible to the naked eye, can be molded prints or prints made by contamination with a colored substance.
    • Invisible prints: prints that are generally made by sweat or perspiration that requires developing for visibility.

    Photography

    • Literal definition: "to write with light" from Greek words Phos (light) and Graphia (write).
    • Modern definition: an art or science that deals with the reproduction of images through the action of light upon sensitized materials.
    • Technical definition: any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical, or electronic recording of images of scenes or objects formed by some type of radiant energy.

    Forensic Photography

    • The art or science of photographically documenting a crime scene and evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial.
    • Includes taking photographs of the crime scene, suspects, detainees, prisoners, and other physical evidence.

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    Description

    Learn about the rules for counting ridges in fingerprint analysis, including how to handle rods within the recurving ridge and appendages that affect the count.

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