Final Exam Review - Introduction to Psychology

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who is considered to be the founding father of modern psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Where and when was modern psychology founded?

Leipzig, Germany in 1879

Modern psychology is based on the foundations of which two academic disciplines?

Philosophy and Biology

Physiology and Philosophy (correct)

Literature and Psychology

Sociology and History

What is the purpose of an ethics review committee?

To ensure that research studies are conducted ethically and that participants are protected from harm. Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the psychological school of thought known as Behaviorism?

John B. Watson Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between social loafing and social facilitation?

Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group, while social facilitation describes the enhanced performance of individuals when they are observed by others. Signup and view all the answers

Define the terms genetic sex, biological sex, gender, gender roles, gender assignment and gender stereotype.

Genetic sex refers to an individual's chromosomes (XX for female, XY for male). Biological sex refers to an individual's anatomy and physiology, including external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, and hormonal profiles. Gender refers to an individual's personal sense of identity and self-expression, which may or may not align with their biological sex. Gender roles are societal expectations and norms associated with different genders. Gender assignment refers to the gender assigned to an individual at birth, typically based on their biological sex, and gender stereotype are generalized beliefs about attributes, behaviors and traits that are associated with different genders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anterograde, retrograde and infantile amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories, retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past memories, and infantile amnesia is the inability to recall memories from early childhood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?

Convergent thinking involves focusing on a single correct answer, while divergent thinking generates multiple creative solutions to a problem. Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy and how does it differ from insomnia?

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks, while insomnia involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Signup and view all the answers

Define and discuss the theory of hypnosis.

Hypnosis is a state of heightened suggestibility and focused attention that can be induced through a variety of techniques. The theory of hypnosis suggests that it can be used to access the subconscious mind and alter perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Final Exam Review - Introduction to Psychology

Final Exam: 9am Friday, December 13th
Materials needed: #2 pencil
Lateness to exam: Not tolerated

Founding Father of Modern Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founding father of modern psychology.

Modern Psychology's Origins

Modern psychology is founded on the foundations of two academic disciplines: philosophy and physiology.

Placebo Effect

The placebo effect refers to a perceived improvement in a patient's condition resulting from a simulated treatment or placebo, not from the treatment itself.
Control group: A group that does not receive the treatment, used as a baseline for comparison.
Experimental group: A group that receives the treatment; the group being studied.
Double-blind study: Neither the participant nor the researcher knows which participants are receiving the actual treatment or placebo.
Single-blind study: The participant does not know if they are receiving the treatment or placebo, but the researcher does.

Ethics Review Committees

The purpose of an ethics review committee is to review research proposals to ensure they adhere to ethical standards and protect participants.
Ethical standards in research have evolved significantly over time, becoming stricter to safeguard participants' well-being.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism was a school of thought founded by John B. Watson.

Neuron Parts

Neurons have various parts, including dendrites, axons, synapses.
Glial cells support the neurons.
Myelin is produced by glial cells.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is comprised of the sympathetic division that prepares the body for stressful situations, and the parasympathetic division, which calms the body after stress.
Parts of the brain related to the autonomic nervous system were covered.

Neurotransmitters

Major functions of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and others were reviewed.

Speech Production/Comprehension

Specific areas of the brain crucial for speech production and comprehension were covered.
The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) was also discussed.

Variables and Correlations

Independent and dependent variables were defined.
The difference between positive and negative correlations were described.

Research Methods

Benefits and drawbacks of various psychological research methods were discussed

Additional Topics (Page 2)

Sympathetic nervous system: Triggers physiological changes during stress
Psychoactive substances: Physical and psychological drug dependencies were reviewed.
Sexual response cycle stages
Brain waves/sleep stages relationship
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory (ages and stages)
Puberty, Menarche (first menstruation), menopause, and spermarche were defined.
General adaptation syndrome: Eustress and distress stages
Freud's psychosexual stages
Piaget's cognitive development stages
Social loafing and social facilitation
Sex, gender, Gender roles, gender assignment, gender stereotype, genetic, biological distinctions.
Bystander effect
Diffusion of responsibility
Treatments for mental illness trends (historic and recent)
Personality assessment evaluations
Prenatal development (critical stages)
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Additional Topics (Page 3)

Love types (Sternberg's triangular theory)
DSM, its use, and changes over time.
IQ tests (Stanford-Binet and Wechsler)
Kinsey scale overview
Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence
EEG, EOG, MRI Scan, PET scan usage and descriptions
Androgynous and gender dysphoria definitions
Personality comparisons (Type A/B)
Watson's Little Albert experiment
Attachment styles and attachment theory
Types of memory
Amnesia types (anterograde, retrograde, infantile)
Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases
Sense organs and their functions, including the chemical senses.

Additional Topics (Page 4)

Child development milestones (age for walking, speaking)
Id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms
Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence, and diagnosis
Down's Syndrome explanation
Five stages of grief (Kubler-Ross)
Pleasure v. reality principles
Common treatment methods for mental illness.
Group therapy advantages and disadvantages.
Benzodiazepine usage for specific medical conditions
PTSD and acute stress disorder
Comparison of personality theories (Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney)
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins: twinship differences
Primary v. secondary reinforcers
Research designs (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal)
IQ ranges for varying intellectual disabilities
Motivation components
Types of memory (flashbulb memory)
Divergent vs. convergent thinking.

Additional Topics (Page 5)

Relationship between stress and physical illness
Benefits of animal-assisted therapy
Sensation and perception definitions
Anorexia, bulimia, and feeding behavior
Attachment theory and attachment styles
Narcolepsy and insomnia
Hypnosis theory

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Prepare for your final exam in Introduction to Psychology with this comprehensive review. Cover key concepts including the placebo effect, foundational figures like Wilhelm Wundt, and important study types. Ensure you're ready for the exam by testing your knowledge on these crucial topics.