Questions and Answers
What is the fossil record?
A collection of different fossils, from simple to complex organisms.
What does biogeography study?
Geographic distribution of organisms.
What are anatomical homologies?
Structural similarities.
What are molecular homologies?
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What are developmental homologies?
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What is the fossil record definition?
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What is gradualism?
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What is punctuated equilibrium?
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What is a population in biological terms?
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What is an adaptation?
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What creates variation in organisms?
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What is fitness in the context of evolution?
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What is natural selection?
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What is directional selection?
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What is stabilizing selection?
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What is disruptive selection?
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What is inherited variation?
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What causes variation?
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What are two components of inherited variation?
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What is inherited variation definition?
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What is over reproduction?
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What does limited supply of environmental resources refer to?
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What is evolution?
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What is the theory of natural selection?
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What is genetic drift?
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What is gene flow?
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What is mutation?
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What is recombination?
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What is taxonomy?
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Who developed the taxonomy classification system?
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What is binomial nomenclature?
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What is the first word of classification?
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What is the second word of classification?
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What is a species?
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What does the mnemonic 'Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Soup' represent?
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What is a cladogram?
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What is a dichotomous key?
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What is an autotroph/producer?
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What is a heterotroph?
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What are eukarya?
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What are bacteria?
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What are archaea?
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Study Notes
Fossil Record
- Collection of fossils showcasing a timeline of life evolution.
- Ranges from simple to complex organisms.
Biogeography
- Study of how organisms are distributed geographically.
Homologies
- Anatomical Homologies: Structural similarities across different species indicating common ancestry.
- Molecular Homologies: Similarities at the molecular level, revealing genetic connections among organisms.
- Developmental Homologies: Embryonic similarities pointing to common developmental pathways.
Evolutionary Concepts
- Gradualism: Concept where species evolve gradually over time.
- Punctuated Equilibrium: Theory suggesting that species remain stable for long periods but undergo significant changes in relatively short bursts.
Population and Adaptation
- Population: A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed.
- Adaptation: Variations that enhance an organism's success in its environment.
Variation and Fitness
- Sources of Variation: Arise from meiosis, mutations, crossing over, and migration.
- Inherited Variation: Genetic differences classified into phenotypes and genotypes.
- Fitness: An organism's reproductive success in its environment.
Natural Selection
- Process by which organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce.
- Directional Selection: Advantage is given to one specific trait.
- Stabilizing Selection: Favors intermediate traits, enhancing average characteristics.
- Disruptive Selection: Both extreme traits are advantageous over moderate traits.
Reproductive and Resource Dynamics
- Over Reproduction: More offspring increase chances of survival to reproductive age.
- Limited Resources: Organisms compete for finite environmental resources.
Evolutionary Change
- Evolution: The transformation of species over time.
- Theory of Natural Selection: Proposed by Charles Darwin, emphasizing survival of the fittest.
Genetic Mechanisms
- Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance.
- Gene Flow: Genetic changes resulting from migration of individuals into or out of a population.
- Mutation: Alterations in the genetic material that can lead to new traits.
- Recombination: Increased genetic diversity through crossing over during meiosis.
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy: The classification and naming of organisms.
- Developed by Carolus Linnaeus, known for the binomial nomenclature system.
- Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system using genus and species designations.
- Levels of classification: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (mnemonic: "Did King Phillip Come Over For Great Soup").
Cladistics and Identification
- Cladogram: Diagram illustrating evolutionary relationships and divergence of species.
- Dichotomous Key: Tool for determining the identity of a specific organism based on characteristics.
Nutritional Classifications
- Autotroph/Producer: Organisms that create their own food via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
- Heterotroph: Organisms that rely on other organisms for sustenance.
Domains of Life
- Eukarya: Domain consisting of eukaryotic organisms (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).
- Bacteria: Domain of prokaryotic microorganisms, typically referred to as bacteria.
- Archaea: Domain of prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environmental conditions.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in biological evolution and classification, including key terms such as fossil record, biogeography, and homologies. It's designed to help students prepare for the STAAR exam by reinforcing their understanding of evolutionary concepts and the relationships among organisms.