Final Exam Crossword - Cardiac Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which segment of the sarcomere does not change length during muscle contraction?

  • I-band
  • Z-line
  • H-zone
  • A-band (correct)

What ion influx is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential?

  • Calcium
  • Chloride
  • Sodium (correct)
  • Potassium

What is the minimum duration to wait between fat loss assessments when using field devices?

  • Six weeks (correct)
  • Four weeks
  • Eight weeks
  • Three weeks

Which muscle fiber type is often found in higher percentages in females than in males across some muscles?

<p>Type one (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is known to regulate protein synthesis in the body?

<p>mTOR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle fiber type that makes up the myocardium?

<p>Type one (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a resting heart rate below 60 bpm?

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of left ventricular hypertrophy is characterized by a decrease in stroke volume?

<p>Pathologic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a measure of myocardial workload commonly used in healthcare settings?

<p>Rate pressure product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is stimulated by leucine consumption that affects mTOR?

<p>AKT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the influx of a specific ion that occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

<p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of myofibrillar hypertrophy increases force and torque production?

<p>Parallel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common metric that uses heart rate to estimate recovery in athletes?

<p>Heart rate variability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

A-band

The segment of a sarcomere that does not change length during a contraction

Wingate test

A common bike test used to estimate the composition of motor units in the legs

Sodium

The ion responsible for depolarizing an action potential

Triad

The structure that depolarizes and triggers the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm

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Ligand-gated channel

The type of channel found on the motor endplate, activated by the binding of acetylcholine

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Rate Pressure Product

A measure of myocardial workload (VO2) commonly used in healthcare settings such as cardiac rehab. It is calculated by multiplying heart rate by systolic blood pressure.

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Tunica Media

The middle layer of blood vessels containing smooth muscle, which is responsible for regulating blood flow and pressure.

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Series Hypertrophy

A type of muscle hypertrophy that causes increased contractile velocity. It involves an increase in the length of muscle fibers.

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Type One Muscle Fiber

The primary type of muscle fiber found in the myocardium, characterized by high oxidative capacity and slow twitch speed. They are more resistant to fatigue.

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Heart Rate Variability

A measure of the variation in time intervals between heartbeats. It is a common metric used to assess the autonomic nervous system's control over heart rate.

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Afterload

The pressure the ventricles must overcome during ventricular ejection (phase 3 of the cardiac cycle).

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Functional Sympatholysis

Localized vasodilation and vasoconstriction in order to redirect blood flow during exercise. It allows for increased blood flow to working muscles.

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Steady-State Exercise

A period during exercise where oxygen demand is being met by oxygen supply. Typically takes 2-3 minutes to achieve during exercise at the same intensity.

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Study Notes

Final Exam Crossword - Page 1

  • Myocardial Workload (VO2): A measure of myocardial workload, commonly used in healthcare settings, such as cardiac rehabilitation.
  • Media: Smooth muscle is located within this tunica throughout the vasculature.
  • Series Hypertrophy: Type of myofibrillar hypertrophy that increases contraction velocity.
  • Type I Muscle Fiber: The primary muscle fiber type in the myocardium.
  • Akt Pathway: Leucine consumption stimulates this pathway, affecting mTOR.
  • Heart Rate Variability: A common metric to gauge athlete recovery, using heart rate.
  • Afterload: The pressure ventricles must overcome during phase 3 of the cardiac cycle.
  • Functional Sympatholysis: Localized vasodilation and vasoconstriction during exercise, redirecting blood flow.
  • Steady-State: A period where oxygen demand is met during exercise, typically taking 2-3 minutes.
  • Pathologic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A type of left ventricular hypertrophy characterized by decreased stroke volume.
  • Hematocrit: Comprises approximately 40-45% of blood in males.
  • Bradycardia: A resting heart rate below 60 bpm.
  • Vein: Portion of the vasculature with the lowest pressure.
  • PFK: The main allosteric enzyme of glycolysis.
  • Stroke Volume: EDV (end-diastolic volume) - ESV (end-systolic volume).
  • Automaticity: A characteristic of nodal cells in the heart.
  • Contractility: Concentric hypertrophy impacts this regulator, increasing stroke volume.
  • Fat: The primary macronutrient utilized when RQ is less than 0.85.
  • Preload: The Frank-Starling mechanism is associated with this regulator of stroke volume.
  • Sodium: An influx of this ion occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential.

Final Exam Crossword - Page 2

  • AMPK: A molecular intermediate, whose upregulation in response to endurance exercise negatively interacts with protein synthesis.
  • Parallel Hypertrophy: Type of myofibrillar hypertrophy increasing force and torque production.
  • 100% Carbohydrate Utilization RQ: RQ representing 100% carbohydrate utilization.
  • Hexokinase: The first allosteric enzyme that appears in glycolysis.
  • Sodium-Potassium Pump: A transport protein maintaining resting membrane potential.
  • Isometric Contraction: The only type of contraction without concentric and eccentric phases.
  • Autophagy: The recycling system for the cell.
  • A-band: A sarcomere segment that does not change length during contraction.
  • Wingate Test: A common bike test estimating motor unit composition of legs.
  • Sarcoplasm: The place in a cell where glycolysis takes place.
  • Sodium: An influx of this ion responsible for action potential depolarization.
  • Six Weeks: Minimum time to wait between fat loss assessments using field devices.
  • Triad: A structure whose depolarization releases calcium into the sarcoplasm.
  • Eccentric Contraction: The portion of contraction where individuals are strongest.
  • Type I Muscle Fiber: A muscle fiber type higher in females in some muscles.
  • Ligand-Gated Channel: ACh receptor located on the motor endplate.
  • mTOR Pathway: A pathway that regulates protein synthesis.
  • AKT Pathway: A pathway that stimulates protein synthesis in response to protein feeding.
  • Type II Muscle Fiber: A muscle fiber type containing the greatest amount of glycolytic enzymes.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cardiac physiology with this crossword quiz. It covers key concepts such as myocardial workload, heart rate variability, and muscle fiber types. Perfect for students preparing for their final exams in health sciences or related fields.

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