Myocardial Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Quiz

In myocardial concentric hypertrophy, there is an increased diameter of myocardial fiber and enhanced wall thickness due to sarcomeres arranged in parallel.

Eccentric hypertrophy involves increased internal chamber size and decreased wall thickness, with sarcomeres arranged in series due to volume overload.

Increased blood volume leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and promotes water and sodium retention.

<p>EPO is released by the kidney in response to poor cardiac output, leading to increased production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow is prioritized to vital organs through sympathetic activation and catecholamine release, resulting in vasoconstriction in non-essential areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is an alteration in cellular metabolism and structure, enhancing the capability of cells to utilize oxygen effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive retention leads to general edema as the volume load on the heart increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurohumoral mechanisms, including hormonal responses and changes in blood flow dynamics, are involved in the compensation for myocardial hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial contraction impairment leads to depressed contractility, which can arise from destruction of myocardium and dysfunction of excitation-contraction coupling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two causes of myocardial destruction are ischemia and reactive oxygen species (ROS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A myocardial infarction that affects over 23% of the left ventricle increases the risk of heart failure, while over 40% can lead to cardiogenic shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular remodeling includes myocardial hypertrophy and dilation, which may initially compensate for cardiac insufficiency but can ultimately lead to heart failure if excessive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine that contributes to myocardial damage by promoting inflammation and apoptosis in cardiac tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to impaired ventricular relaxation and contributes to reduced compliance during diastole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute heart failure is characterized by rapid onset and a sharp decrease in cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left heart failure leads to pulmonary circulatory congestion, while right heart failure causes systemic circulatory congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the efficiency of muscle contraction, leading to inadequate ventricular filling during diastole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower potential energy reduces the heart's capacity to fill properly, limiting blood volume for effective circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-output heart failure is associated with conditions like coronary heart disease, hypertension, and valvular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular compliance refers to the heart's ability to stretch and fill; reduced compliance impairs this process, leading to insufficient filling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-output heart failure occurs in hyperdynamic circulatory states where there is excessive body demand for perfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main manifestations include decreased cardiac output, altered arterial blood pressure, and blood redistribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic heart failure is characterized by a reduced ability of the heart to contract, while diastolic heart failure involves impaired filling of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild heart failure is classified as Class I/II, indicating complete compensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate heart failure is characterized by incomplete compensation, classified as Class III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate is the primary compensatory mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catecholamines enhance myocardial contractility by opening receptor-operated Ca2+ channels, which increases calcium influx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial remodeling in chronic heart failure involves compensatory mechanisms such as increased blood volume to maintain cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Frank-Starling law states that myocardial contractility increases with the initial length of the muscle fibers within a certain optimal range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus triggers increased sympathetic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial hypertrophy increases the heart's muscular mass, enhancing its ability to pump blood effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac tonogenic dilation adjusts the filling pressures and enhances the heart's ability to contract more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory increases in heart rate are limited to prevent excessive strain on the heart, especially above &gt;180 beats per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CP is the main form of energy storage in the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired pyruvic acid metabolism leads to reduced myocardial energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged overload conditions impair myosin-ATPase activity, reducing energy available for myocardial contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular Ca2+ influx is crucial for triggering the contraction of myocardial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidosis slows the depolarization rate, making it difficult for voltage-operated Ca2+ channels to open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia depresses the sensitivity of β-adrenergic receptors, making it challenging for norepinephrine to exert its effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disordered calcium handling leads to reduced SR uptake and release of Ca2+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium binding to troponin is necessary to initiate the excitation-contraction coupling process for muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers