Myocardial Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Quiz

A type of heart failure where the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is reduced, leading to a decrease in cardiac output.

A type of heart failure characterized by a rapid onset and a sharp decrease in cardiac output within a short timeframe.

A type of heart failure characterized by chronic onset, often accompanied by compensatory mechanisms like increased blood volume and heart muscle remodeling.

A type of heart failure where the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the lungs.

A type of heart failure where the right ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of pressure in the body's tissues.

A type of heart failure characterized by a decrease in cardiac output that occurs during hyperdynamic circulatory states, where the body's demand for blood flow is excessively high.

A type of heart failure where the heart muscle is unable to contract properly, reducing its ability to effectively pump blood.

A type of heart failure where the heart muscle is stiff and has trouble relaxing, making it difficult for the heart chambers to fill with blood.

Damage to the heart muscle (myocardium) can lead to heart failure.

Reduction of heart muscle contractility due to inadequate energy supply.

Disruption of the communication between electrical impulses and muscle contraction in heart muscle.

Cell death due to inadequate oxygen supply. A common cause of heart failure.

A type of cell death that occurs when cells are under stress. This is also found in heart failure.

The heart's ability to increase its output to meet the body's needs. This is achieved through mechanisms like faster heart rate, stronger contractions, and increased volume of blood pumped per beat.

The heart beats faster to pump more blood per minute.

Hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline (catecholamines) increase the force of heart contractions, boosting the amount of blood pumped with each beat.

The heart chambers stretch and enlarge to accommodate more blood volume, allowing for greater pumping capacity.

The muscle fibers of the heart thicken and grow in size, leading to stronger contractions and increased blood pumping efficiency.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per beat) multiplied by heart rate (beats per minute).

Specialized receptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure. They play a key role in regulating heart rate and blood pressure.

The nervous system responsible for activating the 'fight-or-flight' response, which includes increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Increased thickness of the heart muscle due to increased workload (pressure overload). This leads to a thicker ventricle wall but a smaller chamber volume.

Increased length of the heart muscle cells due to increased volume overload. This leads to thinner ventricle walls but a larger chamber volume.

The body's response to heart failure by retaining water and sodium, increasing blood volume.

The sympathetic nervous system directs more blood flow to vital organs (brain, heart) while decreasing flow to less essential organs (skin, muscles).

The body produces more red blood cells (RBCs) in response to low oxygen levels, increasing the blood's oxygen carrying capacity.

Cells adapt to low oxygen levels by improving their ability to utilize oxygen more efficiently.

The body's response to heart failure by increasing the workload on the heart, leading to further hypertrophy.

Neurohumoral mechanisms, like the sympathetic nervous system and hormones such as aldosterone, contribute to the body's response to heart failure.

Refers to conditions that affect the heart's ability to produce, store, or utilize energy, which is essential for proper heart function.

A critical molecule that stores energy in the heart and provides it for contraction. Low levels indicate deficient energy storage in the myocardium.

The enzyme responsible for creating and utilizing energy stored in the form of creatine phosphate, important for heart muscle function.

Refers to the process where electrical signals in the heart trigger muscle contractions. It involves the movement of calcium ions into the heart muscle cells.

A type of channel in the heart muscle cells, where calcium ions enter to initiate muscle contraction; Plays a crucial role in excitation-contraction coupling, but can be impaired in certain heart conditions.

This refers to the storage site for calcium ions in heart muscle cells. It plays a vital role in the calcium cycle, essential for proper heart function.

A crucial protein in muscle cells that binds calcium ions and activates the contraction process.

The main protein in muscle responsible for moving the muscle fibers and generating force during contraction.

A condition where the heart's ability to relax and fill with blood is impaired, leading to reduced cardiac output.

The ratio of ventricular volume change to the corresponding change in intraventricular pressure.

Implies a heart muscle that is not contracting and relaxing in a coordinated manner. The heart's chambers may not be pumping blood efficiently.

A complex condition where the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is diminished due to a variety of factors such as reduced muscle function, valve problems, or electrical abnormalities.

A situation where the heart cannot efficiently pump blood, leading to a backup of blood in the venous system. This results in symptoms like swelling in the legs and abdomen.