Podcast
Questions and Answers
What command is used to list files and directories in long format?
What command is used to list files and directories in long format?
- ls -lt
- ls -l (correct)
- ls
- ls -a
Which command will create an empty file named 'newfile'?
Which command will create an empty file named 'newfile'?
- create newfile
- touch newfile (correct)
- mkdir newfile
- makefile newfile
What is the purpose of the 'pwd' command?
What is the purpose of the 'pwd' command?
- To pause the terminal
- To list all directories
- To print the current time
- To display the present working directory (correct)
Which command correctly replaces 'old' with 'new' in line 2 to 4 of a file in vi?
Which command correctly replaces 'old' with 'new' in line 2 to 4 of a file in vi?
Which of the following commands will create a nested directory structure?
Which of the following commands will create a nested directory structure?
What does the command 'cp -r dir1 dir2' do?
What does the command 'cp -r dir1 dir2' do?
What command is used to delete a particular line while in vi?
What command is used to delete a particular line while in vi?
In vi, how can you save and quit a file after editing?
In vi, how can you save and quit a file after editing?
Which command is used to delete the last line of a file?
Which command is used to delete the last line of a file?
What is the purpose of the command 'grep -c "linux" test_1'?
What is the purpose of the command 'grep -c "linux" test_1'?
How can you print the 3rd line of a file using sed?
How can you print the 3rd line of a file using sed?
What does the command 'cut -d " " -f1 data' do?
What does the command 'cut -d " " -f1 data' do?
Which command can print lines that start with a specific pattern?
Which command can print lines that start with a specific pattern?
What is the result of using 'sed '2,6s/linux/unix/g' filename'?
What is the result of using 'sed '2,6s/linux/unix/g' filename'?
Which awk command retrieves the last column of a file?
Which awk command retrieves the last column of a file?
Which command lists files that were modified more than 3 months ago?
Which command lists files that were modified more than 3 months ago?
What command would you use to stop a service named 'name' gracefully?
What command would you use to stop a service named 'name' gracefully?
What does the umask command affect when set to '000'?
What does the umask command affect when set to '000'?
Which command would allow a user to view the contents of a file page-wise, allowing scrolling up and down?
Which command would allow a user to view the contents of a file page-wise, allowing scrolling up and down?
What is the purpose of the 'sudo' command?
What is the purpose of the 'sudo' command?
What does the umask setting of '022' imply for newly created files?
What does the umask setting of '022' imply for newly created files?
How would you add a new user named 'ABC' and give them sudo permissions?
How would you add a new user named 'ABC' and give them sudo permissions?
What does the 'uniq' command do?
What does the 'uniq' command do?
Which command would you use to print the current system date?
Which command would you use to print the current system date?
What command should be used to find files that have been modified in the last 50 minutes?
What command should be used to find files that have been modified in the last 50 minutes?
Which command will successfully list all files with a size greater than 1MB?
Which command will successfully list all files with a size greater than 1MB?
What is the purpose of using maxdepth
in the find
command?
What is the purpose of using maxdepth
in the find
command?
How does a hard link differ from a soft link?
How does a hard link differ from a soft link?
Which command would you use to delete all files modified over 3 months ago?
Which command would you use to delete all files modified over 3 months ago?
What will happen if you delete the original file that a soft link points to?
What will happen if you delete the original file that a soft link points to?
Which command would you use to forcefully stop a running process?
Which command would you use to forcefully stop a running process?
What does the command ps -ef | grep 'processname'
accomplish?
What does the command ps -ef | grep 'processname'
accomplish?
What command would you use to move multiple files into a directory?
What command would you use to move multiple files into a directory?
What does the command 'chmod 777 filename' do?
What does the command 'chmod 777 filename' do?
Which of the following commands shows the disk usage of all files and directories in the present directory?
Which of the following commands shows the disk usage of all files and directories in the present directory?
What does the command 'echo -e "hi\nhow r u"' do?
What does the command 'echo -e "hi\nhow r u"' do?
How do you display only the last 5 lines of a file named 'filename'?
How do you display only the last 5 lines of a file named 'filename'?
What will the command 'head -99 file | tail -1' display?
What will the command 'head -99 file | tail -1' display?
What command would you use to find the count of words in the 99th line of a file?
What command would you use to find the count of words in the 99th line of a file?
What is the purpose of the command 'grep -i "Linux" test_1'?
What is the purpose of the command 'grep -i "Linux" test_1'?
Which command is used to change the ownership of a file or directory?
Which command is used to change the ownership of a file or directory?
What does the symbol '|' (pipe) do in command line operations?
What does the symbol '|' (pipe) do in command line operations?
Flashcards
ls command
ls command
Lists files and directories.
ls -l
ls -l
Lists files and directories with detailed information (permissions, size, etc.).
touch command
touch command
Creates an empty file.
mkdir command
mkdir command
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cd command
cd command
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cd ..
cd ..
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mkdir -p
mkdir -p
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cp command
cp command
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cp -r
cp -r
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mv command
mv command
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chmod command
chmod command
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chown command
chown command
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df -h
df -h
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du -sh
du -sh
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echo command
echo command
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vi editor
vi editor
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:wq!
:wq!
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:q!
:q!
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grep command
grep command
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sed command
sed command
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cut command
cut command
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awk command
awk command
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find command
find command
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xargs command
xargs command
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uniq command
uniq command
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more / less
more / less
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ps command
ps command
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kill command
kill command
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sleep command
sleep command
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Study Notes
###Â File and Folder Management
ls
command is used to list files and directories. To get a more detailed information, usels -l
.touch
command is used to create an empty file.mkdir dirname
is used to create a directory.cd dirname
is used to change the working directory.cd..
is used to navigate one level up in the directory structure.cd ../../..
navigates three levels up in the directory structure.mkdir -p temp1/temp2/temp3
is used to create a complete directory structure, including intermediate directories.
###Â File Editing with vi
vi
editor is used to edit files.- To enter insert mode, press
esc
followed byi
. - To save and quit the file, press
esc
followed by:wq!
. - To quit without saving, press
esc
followed by:q!
. :%s/current-string/new-string/g
is used to replace all instances of a string in a file.4s/linux/windows/g
replaces all instances of "linux" to "windows" in the 4th line.2,4s/linux/windows/g
replaces all instances of "linux" to "windows" from the 2nd to 4th line.2,$s/linux/windows/g
replaces all instances of "linux" to "windows" from the 2nd line to the end of the file.:set nu
enables line numbers in vi:set nonu
disables line numbers in vi.:line_number
moves the cursor to the specified line number.dd
deletes the current line in vi.
File Copying and Moving
cp
is used to copy files and directories.cp file1 file2
copies file1 to file2.cp test1 temp1/temp2/temp3/
copies test1 file to the specific directory path.cp -r dir1 dir2
copies directory dir1 to dir2, including all subdirectories and files.cp test1 file1 test3 temp
copies multiple files or directories to a destination directory.mv
is used to rename or move files and directories.mv file1 file2
renames file1 to file2.mv file1 dir2/
moves file1 to directory dir2.mv file1 file2 file3 dir1
moves multiple files to a directory.
File Permissions and Ownership
chmod
is used to change the permissions of a file or directory.chmod 777 filename
changes the permissions of the file to read, write, and execute for owner, group, and others.chmod -R 777 dir
recursively changes the permissions of all files and directories within the specified directory.chown newowner filename
changes the owner of the file to newowner.chown newowner:groupname filename
changes the owner and group of the file.
File Size and Disk Usage
df -h
displays the disk usage of the mounted file systems.du -sh filename
displays the size of a file in human-readable format.du -sh *
displays the size of all files and directories in the current directory.
Basic Output and Redirection
echo "hi how r u"
prints the string to the terminal.echo -e "hi\nhow r u"
prints the string with newline character.>
redirects the output of a command to a file.ls -lrt > log
redirects the output ofls -lrt
command to log file.>>
appends the output of a command to the end of a file.echo "this is linux class" >> log
appends the stringthis is linux class
to the log file.
File Counting and Content Manipulation
wc
command is used to count lines, words and characters in a file.wc -l log
counts the number of lines in the log file.wc -w log
counts the number of words in the log file.wc -c log
counts the number of characters in the log file.head
command is used to display the first n lines of a file.head -3 filename
displays the first 3 lines of the file.head filename
displays the first 10 lines of the file.tail
command is used to display the last n lines of a file.tail -3 filename
displays the last 3 lines of the file.tail filename
displays the last 10 lines of the file.|
(pipe) passes the output of one command as input to another command.ls -lrt | wc -l
counts the number of files and directories in the current directory.head -4 log | tail -1
displays the 4th line of the file.head -99 file | tail -1
displays the 99th line of the file.head -7 file | tail -3
displays the 4th to 7th line of the file.head -99 log | tail -1 | wc -w
counts the number of words in the 99th line of the file.tail -2 log | head -1
displays the 2nd last line of the file.
Pattern Searching with grep
grep
is used to search for patterns in files.grep "pattern" filename
searches for the specified pattern in the file.grep -w "string" filename
searches for the exact word specified.grep -i "Linux" test_1
searches case-insensitively for "Linux" in the file.grep -e "linux" -e "windows" test_1
searches for either "linux" or "windows".egrep
command can also be used to search for multiple patterns.grep -R -l "linux" *
lists the filenames which contain "linux".grep -v "linux" test_1
prints lines that don't contain "linux".grep "^pattern" filename
lists lines starting with "pattern".grep "s$" test_1
lists lines ending with "s".grep -c "linux" test_1
counts the number of lines containing "linux".
###Â Replacing Strings with sed
sed
is used to replace strings in files.sed 's/linux/unix/g' filename
replaces "linux" with "unix" in the file.sed -i 's/linux/unix/g' test_1
replaces "linux" with "unix" in the file and saves the changes.sed '4s/linux/unix/g'
replaces "linux" with "unix" in the 4th line.sed '2,6s/linux/unix/g'
replaces "linux" with "unix" from the 2nd to 6th line.sed '$s/linux/unix/g'
replaces "linux" with "unix" in the last linesed '4d' test_1
deletes the 4th line of the file.sed '$d' test_1
deletes the last line of the file.sed '2,6d' test_1
deletes lines from the 2nd to 6th line.sed '1d;3d' test_1
deletes the 1st and 3rd line.sed -n '3p' test_1
prints the 3rd line.sed -n '$p' test_1
prints the last line.sed -n '2,6p' test_1
prints lines from the 2nd to 6th line.
Column and Row Based File Cutting
cut
is used to cut files column-wise.cut -d " " -f1 data
prints the first column.cut -d " " -f1,3 data
prints the 1st and 3rd column.cut -d " " -f3-6 data
prints the 3rd to 6th column.awk
is used to cut files row-wise and column-wise.awk -F " " '{print $1}' data
prints the first column.awk -F " " '{print $NF}' data
prints the last column.awk -F " " '{print $(NF-1)}' data
prints the second last column.
###Â File Searching with find
find
is used to search for files.find . -iname "filename"
searches for "filename" case-insensitively.find . -type f -mtime +90
lists files modified more than 90 days ago.find . -type d -mtime +90
lists directories modified more than 90 days ago.find . -mtime +90
lists both files and directories modified more than 90 days ago.find . -type d -mtime -90
lists directories modified within 90 days.find . -type f -mmin -50
lists files modified within 50 minutes.find . -type f -mmin +50
lists files modified 50 minutes ago.find . -type f -perm 777
lists files with permissions 777.find . -type f -empty
lists empty files.find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "test1"
restricts the search to the first-level directory.xargs
is used to pass the output of one command as arguments to another command.find . -type f -mtime +90 | xargs rm -rf
deletes all files modified more than 90 days ago.
###Â Symbolic Links and Hard Links
ln
is used to create symbolic links and hard links.ln -s /home/ec2-user/file1 link1
creates a symbolic link to file1.ln /home/ec2-user/file1 hard1
creates a hard link to file1.- Deleting the actual file breaks a symbolic link but not a hard link.
Process Management
ps
is used to list currently running processes.ps -ef | grep "processname"
checks if a specific process is running.kill -9 PID
force-stops a process.sleep
command can be used to pause execution for a specified duration.sudo service name stop
stops a service gracefully.sudo service name start
starts a service.sudo service name restart
restarts a service.sudo systemctl stop name
stops a systemd service.
Permissions and Access Control
umask
sets default permissions for newly created files and directories.umask 000
sets full permissions (read, write, and execute) for the owner, group, and others.umask 777
sets no permissions for the owner, group, and others.su username
switches to another user or superuser.sudo
executes a command with root privileges.sudo useradd ABC
adds a new user ABC.sudo passwd ABC
sets password for user ABC.sudo su -
logs in as root user from ec2-user.- Edit
/etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users
to grant sudo permissions to specific users.
Displaying File Content
more
displays the content of a file page by page.less
also displays content page by page but allows scrolling up and down.
System Date and Time
date
prints current system date and time.date +%m
prints the current month.
Deleting Duplicate Lines
uniq
prints only unique lines from the input, removing duplicate lines.
Assigment for practice
- Write a command to list files larger than 1 MB.
- Use the
-exec
option in thefind
command to delete files larger than 10 MB. - Write the steps to kill all processes started by a specific user.
- Write the steps to kill all processes with a specific name.
- Write a command to display 99th to 103th line of a file.
- Find all files and directories in the current directory that have been modified within the last 3 days and recursively change their permissions to 755.
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