78 Questions
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Why do residents living at higher altitudes generally have more red blood cells?
Due to adaptation to lower oxygen levels
What is the average lifespan of human erythrocytes?
120 days
Which organ is responsible for destroying old red blood cells bearing specific sugar groups?
Spleen
What structural adaptation of erythrocytes enhances their capability for gaseous exchange?
Biconcave disc-like shape
What is the main function of haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Facilitate gaseous exchange
Which proteins are part of the cytoskeleton network in red blood cells?
Spectrin, Actin, and Adducin
What condition is caused by defects in cytoskeletal components of erythrocytes?
Hereditary spherocytosis
What is the clinical consequence of hereditary spherocytosis on oxygen transport?
Less oxygen transport compared to normal erythrocytes
Which ion channels are involved in ions transport in red blood cells?
Calcium-dependent potassium channels
What controls the mitotic activity and differentiation of progenitor cells?
Specific hemopoietic factors
Which cytokine is NOT involved in the control of erythropoiesis?
Interferon
At what stage does Hb synthesis start during erythropoiesis?
Polychromatophilic erythroblasts
Which stage in erythropoiesis results in the nucleus becoming eccentric for expulsion?
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
What is a distinguishing feature of reticulocytes?
They are spherical with remnants of ribosomes
What is responsible for the MNS blood groups among transmembrane glycoproteins?
Glycophorin A
Which specific carbohydrate chains on the red blood cell plasmalemma determine an individual's blood group?
Inherited carbohydrate chains
What regulates the process of hemopoiesis during which stem cells differentiate into mature blood cells?
Growth factors and cytokines
Which cells are responsible for the formation of various progenitor cells during hemopoiesis?
Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)
What accounts for about 0.1% of the nucleated cell population of bone marrow and gives rise to two types of multipotential hemopoietic stem cells?
Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)
What is the main role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Facilitating gaseous exchange
Which component is responsible for maintaining the biconcave disk shape of erythrocytes?
Spectrin
What clinical condition results from the synthesis of abnormal spectrin?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Which ion channels are involved in ions transport in red blood cells, according to the text?
Calcium-dependent potassium channels and Na+-K+ ATPase
What is the main reason for residents living at higher altitudes having more red blood cells?
Increased production of erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels
What is the significance of the biconcave disc-like shape of erythrocytes?
It allows for a greater amount of hemoglobin to be packed into the cell
Why do erythrocytes expel all cell organelles and the nucleus during their development in the bone marrow?
To provide more space for hemoglobin within the cell
What happens when red blood cells display a group of oligosaccharides on their surface?
They are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver
How does the lack of a nucleus benefit mature erythrocytes in their function?
Provides more space for storing hemoglobin molecules
Which stage of erythropoiesis is characterized by abundant ribosomes for hemoglobin synthesis?
Basophilic erythroblast
What is the main physiological function of steel factor in erythropoiesis?
Promoting differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythroid progenitor cells
Which cytokine is involved in the control of erythropoiesis but is not specifically mentioned in the text?
Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
What is the defining characteristic of a reticulocyte?
Presence of a nucleus
During which stage of erythropoiesis does the nucleus become eccentric in preparation for expulsion?
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
Which cell population is responsible for the formation of various progenitor cells during hemopoiesis?
Multipotential hemopoietic stem cells (MHSCs)
What role do specific inherited carbohydrate chains play in the red blood cell plasmalemma?
Acting as antigens and determining blood group
What regulates the type of blood cells formed and their rate of formation during hemopoiesis?
Growth factors
Which stage of cell development results in stem cells differentiating through several intermediate stages to give rise to mature blood cells?
Intermediate progenitor cell stage
Which factor accounts for about 0.1% of the nucleated cell population of bone marrow and gives rise to two types of multipotential hemopoietic stem cells?
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues
What is the significance of the hematocrit value in relation to red blood cells?
Measuring the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood
Why do mature red blood cells lack a nucleus?
To increase their internal space for oxygen transport
In which capillaries do red blood cells pick up oxygen and form oxyhemoglobin?
Pulmonary capillaries
What is the normal range of red blood cell count in adults per microliter of blood?
$4.5$ to $5.5$ million cells
What is the primary role of red blood cells in the body?
Transporting oxygen to tissues
How does hemoglobin change when it reaches systemic capillaries?
It releases most of its oxygen and becomes reduced hemoglobin
Why are mature red blood cells highly specialized for their oxygen transport function?
As they lack a nucleus, all internal space is available for oxygen transport
What is responsible for the majority of erythropoietin production in the body?
Kidney
Which hormone promotes tissue metabolism in general and is required for erythropoiesis?
Thyroxine
In what organ does erythropoiesis primarily occur during embryonic life?
Liver
What deficiency can result from the destruction of bone marrow by irradiation, chemicals, drugs, or bacterial toxins?
Aplastic anemia
What factor stimulates the rate of red blood cell production in response to hypoxia?
Erythropoietin
Which organ secretes a small amount of erythropoietin?
Kidneys
When O2 transport to tissues exceeds normal levels, what happens to the production of erythropoietin?
Decreases
Which factor is essential for the maturation of red blood cells, important for nuclear maturation and cell division of red cell precursors?
Vitamin B12
What does a healthy liver manufacture and store that is essential for normal red blood cell formation?
Globin and iron
What is the primary regulating factor for erythropoiesis in the body?
Oxygen levels
What vitamins are essential for the maturation of red blood cells, aiding in nuclear maturation and cell division?
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Which substance is NOT necessary for the development and maturation of erythrocytes, according to the text?
Iron
Which external source influences general metabolism, growth of body tissues including bone marrow, but is not specific to red blood cell formation?
Vitamin C
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur during postnatal and adult life?
Red bone marrow
What type of food is the main source of Vitamin B12 according to the text?
"Animal food"
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the red bone marrow to increase red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of the intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells in the stomach lining?
Promote absorption of vitamin B12
What is the storage organ for absorbed vitamin B12 in the human body?
Liver
Which nutrient is essential for the formation of the heme part of hemoglobin?
Iron
What are the roles of copper and cobalt in hemoglobin synthesis?
Catalysts for hemoglobin synthesis
What is the average hemoglobin concentration in blood for men according to the text?
$16 ext{ g/dl}$
How many heme fractions are present in each hemoglobin molecule?
$4$
What is the main function of hemoglobin in red blood cells according to the text?
$O_2$ and $CO_2$ transport
Where are the majority of animal proteins that are superior in producing haemoglobin found?
Muscles
What compound is formed by the combination of Hb with CO2?
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Which derivative of Hb remains in the ferrous state?
Oxyhaemoglobin
What occurs when blood is exposed to drugs causing the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++?
Formation of Methaemoglobin
Which compound has an affinity for CO that is 200 times more than its affinity for O2?
Methaemoglobin
What is the primary characteristic of Methaemoglobin?
Contains Fe+++ instead of Fe++
Which type of Hb results when O2 is released from oxyhaemoglobin?
Deoxyhaemoglobin
What happens when Hb binds to carbon monoxide (CO)?
Production of Carboxyhaemoglobin
Learn about the classification of blood groups, including MNS, ABO system, and Rh factor, as well as the process of postnatal hemopoiesis in bone marrow. Figure 4 provides information about transmembrane glycoproteins and carbohydrate chains that determine blood groups. Explore the significance of ions channels in hemopoiesis.
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