Fetal Circulation Quiz

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Which structure carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus?

Foramen ovale

Umbilical artery

Ductus arteriosus

Umbilical vein (correct)

Which structure bypasses the liver and drains oxygenated blood into the inferior vena cava?

Ductus venosus (correct)

Ductus arteriosus

Foramen ovale

Umbilical vein

Which structure allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium in foetal circulation?

Ductus arteriosus

Ductus venosus

Foramen ovale (correct)

Umbilical vein

Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk in foetal circulation?

Ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure bypasses the pulmonary circulation and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in foetal circulation?

Ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?

Umbilical vein Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by the migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak during gastrulation?

Endoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer will develop into the urogenital system?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer will become the walls of the body cavities and differentiate into the vascular system?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cavity within the blastocyst?

Blastocele Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where the notochordal process grows from the primitive pit and induces changes in the overlying ectoderm?

Notochord formation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by the differentiation of the paraxial mesoderm?

Somites Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stage when the embryo is called a blastocyst?

Morula Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary germ layers formed during gastrulation?

Endoderm and ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements accurately describes fetal circulation?

Fetal circulation does not involve mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these structures is responsible for bypassing the lungs in fetal circulation?

Foramen ovale Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these structures allows blood to bypass the liver in fetal circulation?

Ductus venosus Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements accurately describes the changes in fetal circulation at the time of birth?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the foramen ovale?

Increased oxygenation of blood in the systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the ductus arteriosus?

Decreased oxygenation of blood in the systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the most common cause of death in dissecting aortic aneurysms?

Rupture Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a type of atherosclerotic aneurysm?

Micro-aneurysms Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the most common site for atherosclerotic aneurysms?

Abdominal aorta Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a clinical symptom of dissecting aortic aneurysms?

Pain radiating to the legs Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a risk factor for varicose veins?

Sex Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a consequence of varicose veins?

Vasculitis Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a type of vasculitis?

Granulomatous arteritis Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the most common cause of sub-arachnoid hemorrhage in young people?

Berry aneurysms Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT associated with micro-aneurysms?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a characteristic of syphilitic aneurysms?

Secondary to embolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?

Large and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of atheroma?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of varicose veins?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What is vasculitis?

Inflammation of arteries Signup and view all the answers

What are the age-related vascular changes associated with atherosclerosis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main morphology of atherosclerosis?

Patchy and raised white to yellow plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for atherosclerosis?

Atheroma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of atheromatous plaque formation?

Lipid deposition Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, low socio-economic status, low birth-weight Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle has larger T-tubules compared to skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of calcium influx contributes to the contraction of cardiac muscle?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which channels are responsible for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?

Ryanodine release channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main topic of the lecture?

Cardiac contractility and the cardiac cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which system controls cardiac output?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the channels responsible for the influx of calcium in cardiac muscle?

L-type dihydropyridine channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between force production in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle relies on calcium influx for force production, while skeletal muscle relies on ATP hydrolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main topic of the lecture?

Cardiac contractility and the cardiac cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cardiac volume/pressure diagrams on the left and right sides of the heart?

The left side of the heart has higher pressure and lower volume compared to the right side. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves in relation to cardiac muscle?

To increase force production in cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Fetal Circulation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which structure carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus?

Which structure bypasses the liver and drains oxygenated blood into the inferior vena cava?

Which structure allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium in foetal circulation?

Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk in foetal circulation?

Which structure bypasses the pulmonary circulation and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in foetal circulation?

Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?

Which structure is formed by the migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak during gastrulation?

Which germ layer will develop into the urogenital system?

Which germ layer will become the walls of the body cavities and differentiate into the vascular system?

What is the name of the cavity within the blastocyst?

What is the name of the process where the notochordal process grows from the primitive pit and induces changes in the overlying ectoderm?

Which structure is formed by the differentiation of the paraxial mesoderm?

What is the name of the stage when the embryo is called a blastocyst?

What are the two primary germ layers formed during gastrulation?

Which one of these statements accurately describes fetal circulation?

Which one of these structures is responsible for bypassing the lungs in fetal circulation?

Which one of these structures allows blood to bypass the liver in fetal circulation?

Which one of these statements accurately describes the changes in fetal circulation at the time of birth?

Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the foramen ovale?

Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the ductus arteriosus?

Which one of these is the most common cause of death in dissecting aortic aneurysms?

Which one of these is NOT a type of atherosclerotic aneurysm?

Which one of these is the most common site for atherosclerotic aneurysms?

Which one of these is NOT a clinical symptom of dissecting aortic aneurysms?

Which one of these is NOT a risk factor for varicose veins?

Which one of these is NOT a consequence of varicose veins?

Which one of these is NOT a type of vasculitis?

Which one of these is the most common cause of sub-arachnoid hemorrhage in young people?

Which one of these is NOT associated with micro-aneurysms?

Which one of these is NOT a characteristic of syphilitic aneurysms?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Which vessels are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?

What is the main characteristic of atheroma?

What is the main cause of varicose veins?

What is vasculitis?

What are the age-related vascular changes associated with atherosclerosis?

What is the main morphology of atherosclerosis?

What is another name for atherosclerosis?

What is the primary cause of atheromatous plaque formation?

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Which type of muscle has larger T-tubules compared to skeletal muscle?

What percentage of calcium influx contributes to the contraction of cardiac muscle?

Which channels are responsible for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?

What is the main topic of the lecture?

Which system controls cardiac output?

What is the name of the channels responsible for the influx of calcium in cardiac muscle?

What is the primary difference between force production in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

What is the main topic of the lecture?

What is the main difference between cardiac volume/pressure diagrams on the left and right sides of the heart?

What is the main function of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves in relation to cardiac muscle?

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