50 Questions
Which structure carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus?
Umbilical vein
Which structure bypasses the liver and drains oxygenated blood into the inferior vena cava?
Ductus venosus
Which structure allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium in foetal circulation?
Foramen ovale
Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk in foetal circulation?
Ductus arteriosus
Which structure bypasses the pulmonary circulation and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in foetal circulation?
Ductus arteriosus
Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?
Umbilical vein
Which structure is formed by the migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak during gastrulation?
Endoderm
Which germ layer will develop into the urogenital system?
Mesoderm
Which germ layer will become the walls of the body cavities and differentiate into the vascular system?
Mesoderm
What is the name of the cavity within the blastocyst?
Blastocele
What is the name of the process where the notochordal process grows from the primitive pit and induces changes in the overlying ectoderm?
Notochord formation
Which structure is formed by the differentiation of the paraxial mesoderm?
Somites
What is the name of the stage when the embryo is called a blastocyst?
Morula
What are the two primary germ layers formed during gastrulation?
Endoderm and ectoderm
Which one of these statements accurately describes fetal circulation?
Fetal circulation does not involve mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Which one of these structures is responsible for bypassing the lungs in fetal circulation?
Foramen ovale
Which one of these structures allows blood to bypass the liver in fetal circulation?
Ductus venosus
Which one of these statements accurately describes the changes in fetal circulation at the time of birth?
All of the above
Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the foramen ovale?
Increased oxygenation of blood in the systemic circulation
Which one of these statements accurately describes the consequences of non-closure of the ductus arteriosus?
Decreased oxygenation of blood in the systemic circulation
Which one of these is the most common cause of death in dissecting aortic aneurysms?
Rupture
Which one of these is NOT a type of atherosclerotic aneurysm?
Micro-aneurysms
Which one of these is the most common site for atherosclerotic aneurysms?
Abdominal aorta
Which one of these is NOT a clinical symptom of dissecting aortic aneurysms?
Pain radiating to the legs
Which one of these is NOT a risk factor for varicose veins?
Sex
Which one of these is NOT a consequence of varicose veins?
Vasculitis
Which one of these is NOT a type of vasculitis?
Granulomatous arteritis
Which one of these is the most common cause of sub-arachnoid hemorrhage in young people?
Berry aneurysms
Which one of these is NOT associated with micro-aneurysms?
Atherosclerosis
Which one of these is NOT a characteristic of syphilitic aneurysms?
Secondary to embolism
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Physical activity
Which vessels are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?
Large and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries
What is the main characteristic of atheroma?
All of the above
What is the main cause of varicose veins?
Thrombosis
What is vasculitis?
Inflammation of arteries
What are the age-related vascular changes associated with atherosclerosis?
All of the above
What is the main morphology of atherosclerosis?
Patchy and raised white to yellow plaque
What is another name for atherosclerosis?
Atheroma
What is the primary cause of atheromatous plaque formation?
Lipid deposition
What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, low socio-economic status, low birth-weight
Which type of muscle has larger T-tubules compared to skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle
What percentage of calcium influx contributes to the contraction of cardiac muscle?
90%
Which channels are responsible for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?
Ryanodine release channels
What is the main topic of the lecture?
Cardiac contractility and the cardiac cycle
Which system controls cardiac output?
Nervous system
What is the name of the channels responsible for the influx of calcium in cardiac muscle?
L-type dihydropyridine channels
What is the primary difference between force production in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle relies on calcium influx for force production, while skeletal muscle relies on ATP hydrolysis.
What is the main topic of the lecture?
Cardiac contractility and the cardiac cycle
What is the main difference between cardiac volume/pressure diagrams on the left and right sides of the heart?
The left side of the heart has higher pressure and lower volume compared to the right side.
What is the main function of the extrinsic sympathetic nerves in relation to cardiac muscle?
To increase force production in cardiac muscle
Test your knowledge on fetal circulation with this quiz. Learn about how blood circulates through the fetal heart, the circulation of blood in the fetus and placenta, and the functions of key structures like the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
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