60 Questions
Which process is responsible for turning the bilaminar disc into a trilaminar disc?
Gastrulation
Which germ layer is formed by the migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak?
Endoderm
Which structure induces changes in the overlying ectoderm and forms the neural plate?
Notochord
Which part of the mesoderm will develop into the urogenital system?
Intermediate mesoderm
Which layer of the mesoderm will become the walls of the body cavities and differentiate into the vascular system?
Lateral plate mesoderm
Which structure is responsible for the differentiation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites?
Notochord
Which layer of the blastocyst contains the inner cell mass?
Ectoderm
Which process is responsible for the formation of the blastocyst cavity?
Blastulation
During foetal circulation, which of the following structures by-passes the hepatic circulation?
Ductus venosus
Which vessel carries oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus?
Umbilical vein
What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?
It closes
What is the consequence of a non-closure of the foramen ovale?
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)
What causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus?
Increased oxygen and fall in Prostaglandins
What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?
It obliterates and becomes Ligamentum venosum
Which one of the following statements about fetal circulation is true?
Fetal circulation does not involve mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Which one of the following statements about the circulation of blood in the fetus and placenta is true?
The fetus receives oxygenated blood from the placenta.
Which one of the following statements about the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus is true?
All of the above statements are true.
Which one of the following statements about the changes in the circulation of blood in the fetus at the time of birth is true?
All of the above statements are true.
Which one of the following statements about the consequences of non-closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus is true?
Non-closure of the foramen ovale can lead to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the adult.
Which one of the following statements about the development of the trilaminar disc and the 3 germ layers is true?
The folding of the trilaminar disc occurs during fetal development.
Which gene(s) are associated with the cardiac abnormalities seen in individuals with Down syndrome?
DSCAM and COL6A2
Which syndrome is characterized by cardiac abnormalities, abnormal facies, thymic aplasia, cleft palate, and hypothyroidism?
22q11.2 deletion syndrome
What is the mode of inheritance for long QT syndrome?
Channelopathy
Which gene is associated with long QT syndrome?
SCN5A
Why is it important to identify the mutation in individuals with long QT syndrome?
Risk for life-threatening cardiac events by mutation location and β-blocker treatment.
Which gene(s) are associated with DiGeorge syndrome without deletion?
TBX1
What is the consequence of non-closure of the foramen ovale?
Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart
What causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus?
Decreased prostaglandin levels
Which germ layer is formed by the migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak?
Mesoderm
What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?
It constricts and becomes the ligamentum venosum
Which one of the following is a symptom of Xanthoma Atherosclerosis?
Tendon xanthoma
Which gene mutation is NOT associated with the improper synthesis or transportation of LDL in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
Xanthoma Atherosclerosis
What are the Simon Broome criteria used for?
Determining the severity of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
Which cholesterol levels indicate possible FH in children under 16?
LDL > 4mM
Which one of the following is NOT a consequence of non-synthesis or improper transportation of LDL in FH?
Not synthesizing LDL receptor associated protein
Which gene mutation is associated with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) and results in the improper binding of LDL?
ApoB - Arg3500Gln
What is the role of PCSK9 - Asp374Tyr gene mutation in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
Improper binding of LDL
What is the purpose of cascade testing in FH?
To assess the risk of myocardial infarction in family members
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of FH?
Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance
What natural process does Inclisirin harness to treat FH?
Recycling of LDL
Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Right side
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body?
Left side
Which surface of the heart is separated from the base of the heart by the coronary sinus?
Right ventricle
Which margin of the heart is important for imaging?
Left margin
Which septum separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
Which one of the following textbooks is NOT a source of figures and images mentioned in the text?
Kelly&Petersen. Sectional Anatomy for Imaging Professionals
Which one of the following textbooks was published in 2012?
Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy
Which one of the following textbooks is NOT mentioned as a source of figures and images for the case report?
Son et al. Point-of-care Ultrasound
Which one of the following textbooks was published in 2018?
Drake et al. Gray’s Atlas of Anatomy
Which one of the following textbooks is NOT mentioned as a source of figures and images for the case report?
Daffner & Hartman. Clinical Radiology. The Essentials
Which of the following is NOT one of the learning outcomes of the lecture on the heart?
Identifying cardiac borders on chest x-ray and other anatomical structures on medical images
Which of the following is NOT a recommended reading for the lecture on the heart?
MD3001 Clinical skills session 'Living anatomy of the chest' in week 2
Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature of the cardiac valves?
Tricuspid valve
Why are points of auscultation of heart sounds different from the surface projection of the heart valves?
Due to the presence of fibrous skeleton of the heart
What is the functional importance and position of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
To provide structural support to the heart
Which structure prevents the eversion of atrioventricular valve cusps during ventricular systole?
Chordae tendinea
Which valve has three cusps and is attached to the anulus fibrosus deep to the inferior right sternum?
Tricuspid valve
Which ventricular outflow tract leads to the pulmonary trunk and has blood flowing upwards, backwards, and to the left side through it?
Infundibulum (conus arteriosus)
Which valve has three cusps and is attached to the anulus fibrosis deep to the left inferior sternum?
Mitral valve
Which valve has three cusps and is located posterior to the infundibulum, leading to the aorta with blood flowing upwards, backwards, and to the right side through it?
Aortic vestibule
Test your knowledge on fetal circulation and understand how blood circulates through the fetal heart. Learn about the functions of the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus in the circulation of blood in the fetus and placenta.
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