Fetal Circulation and Key Vessels Quiz

Gastrulation

Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm

Blastocele (blastocyst cavity)

<p>Notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three shunts or bypasses in the foetal circulation are: 1) By-pass of the hepatic circulation via the ductus venosus, 2) By-pass of the pulmonary circulation via the foramen ovale, and 3) By-pass of the pulmonary circulation via the ductus arteriosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The umbilical cord in the foetus is responsible for carrying oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the foetus, and also removing waste products such as CO2 through the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shunts in the foetal circulation, including the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus, must be obliterated after birth when the pulmonary circulation becomes fully functional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood circulates through the foetal heart in the following steps:</p> <ol> <li>Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.</li> <li>Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle.</li> <li>The right ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery.</li> <li>Instead of going to the lungs, a large portion of the blood is shunted through the foramen ovale to the left atrium.</li> <li>From the left atrium, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the left ventricle.</li> <li>The left ventricle then pumps the blood into the aorta, which distributes it to the rest of the body.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The functions of the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus in the foetal circulation are as follows:</p> <ol> <li>Foramen ovale: It is a hole between the atria that allows the majority of the blood to bypass the non-functional foetal lungs by shunting oxygenated blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.</li> <li>Ductus arteriosus: It is a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the non-functional foetal lungs. It allows the majority of the blood to flow directly into the systemic circulation.</li> <li>Ductus venosus: It is a blood vessel connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. It allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to travel directly to the heart.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The consequences of non-closure of foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are:</p> <ol> <li>Non-closure of foramen ovale: It can result in a condition called patent foramen ovale (PFO), where blood can continue to flow between the left and right atria even after birth. This can lead to complications such as paradoxical embolism and increased risk of stroke.</li> <li>Non-closure of ductus arteriosus: It can result in a condition called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), where the ductus arteriosus remains open, causing abnormal blood flow between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This can lead to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, poor growth, and increased risk of infections.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DSCAM and COL6A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in TBX1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Channelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk for life-threatening cardiac events by mutation location and β-blocker treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Simon Broome criteria for diagnosing Familial Hypercholesterolemia include cholesterol levels greater than 6.7mM (LDL&gt;4mM) in children under 16 or greater than 7.5mM (LDL&gt;4.9mM) in adults, along with either tendon xanthoma in the patient or a first/second degree relative, or a family history of myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial Hypercholesterolemia can be caused by various mutations, including those that result in the absence of synthesis, improper transport to the cell membrane, inadequate binding to LDL, improper internalization, or improper recycling of LDL. Specific mutations include ApoB - Arg3500Gln, LDL receptor associated protein - null mutations, and PCSK9 - Asp374Tyr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial Hypercholesterolemia exhibits autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance patterns, with gene dosage influencing the severity of the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locus heterogeneity refers to the presence of multiple genetic loci that can cause the disorder, while allelic heterogeneity refers to the existence of different mutations within the same gene that can result in the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cascade testing involves testing family members of an affected individual to identify others who may carry the same genetic mutation and be at risk for developing the condition. It is an important tool in diagnosing and managing Familial Hypercholesterolemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers