Fertilization Process

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What is the primary reason most sperm cells die?

The oocyte's outer cover is too thick

The oocyte's receptors are too specific

The sperm cells are not capable of capacitation

The acidic environment of the female reproductive system (correct)

What process allows the sperm cell's enzymes to penetrate the oocyte?

Depolarization

Fertilization

Slow block

Capacitation (correct)

What is the result of a single sperm cell joining with a receptor on the oocyte's surface?

The slow block is triggered

The sperm cell completely penetrates the oocyte

The fast block is triggered (correct)

Hundreds of sperm cells can penetrate the oocyte

What is the purpose of the slow block?

To prevent polyspermy Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of the sperm cell and oocyte chromosomes?

A diploid zygote with 50% male and 50% female chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare occurrence when two oocytes are released and fertilized?

Fraternal twins Signup and view all the answers

What is the average amount of breast milk produced by females per infant?

1.5 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the laxative property in breast milk?

To remove bilirubin from the infant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person's outward appearance and behavior?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

To figure out the outcome probability of mixing 2 genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trophoblasts during the pre-embryonic stage?

To form the placenta and support the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Why are most genetic disorders passed down on the recessive gene?

Because dominant genes may not allow the offspring to survive long enough to reproduce Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic cause of Turner syndrome?

Having only one X chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of conceptuses typically fail to implant and are shed during menses?

50-75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the membranes wrap around each other to form a 3-dimensional structure?

Embryonic folding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why fetal and maternal blood do not mix during pregnancy?

To prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weight range of a newborn baby?

5.5-8.8 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of relaxin during pregnancy?

To loosen ligaments at the hip joint and dilate the cervix Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of time during which the embryo is most sensitive to teratogens?

Weeks 4-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the protrusion of the spinal cord and membranes that can occur during fetal development?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the yolk sac during fetal development?

To provide blood cells and germ cells to the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of pregnancy in days?

270-280 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for morning sickness during pregnancy?

Decreased peristalsis due to high progesterone levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight gain per month during the first trimester of pregnancy?

1 lb Signup and view all the answers

Why do varicose veins and hemorrhoids occur more frequently during pregnancy?

Decreased blood flow due to uterine pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin during childbirth?

To stimulate contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the cervical dilation stage of childbirth?

6-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased risk of dehydration in newborns?

Dilute urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Montgomery glands during breastfeeding?

To prevent nipple chapping or cracking Signup and view all the answers