Fertilization and Human Reproduction

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What is the primary cause of sperm cell death in the female reproductive system?

Insufficient capacitation

Acidic environment (correct)

Immune response from leukocytes

Depolarization of the oocyte plasma membrane

What is the purpose of capacitation in sperm cells?

To increase the chances of identical twins

To slow down the sperm cells

To allow enzymes to penetrate the oocyte (correct)

To destroy the outer cover of the oocyte

What is the result of a fast block during fertilization?

The degradation of the outer cover

The coating of the outer cover with proteins

The depolarization of the oocyte plasma membrane (correct)

The destruction of sperm receptors

What is the likelihood of two oocytes being released and fertilized, resulting in fraternal twins?

1% of the time Signup and view all the answers

What is the final result of fertilization?

A single celled diploid zygote Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the slow block during fertilization?

To destroy the remaining sperm cells and receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the laxative property in breast milk?

To remove bilirubin from the infant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical appearance and behavior of an individual?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of having an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a gene that is always expressed in the phenotype, even if only one copy is present?

Dominant gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person who has a recessive gene, but does not express it in their phenotype?

Carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

To figure out the probability of mixing two genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weight gain for a mother during the first trimester?

1 lbs per month Signup and view all the answers

Why does morning sickness occur during pregnancy?

Due to an increase in hormones and a decrease in peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an episiotomy during childbirth?

To cut the posterior vaginal wall and perineum Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the cervical dilation stage of childbirth?

6-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen demand during pregnancy?

The fetus's oxygen requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Montgomery glands during breastfeeding?

To secrete oil to prevent nipple chapping Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the uterus returning to its original size after childbirth?

Involution Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the first breath of air taken by a newborn?

It occurs within 10 seconds after birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source for newborns to maintain body temperature?

Brown fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of milk produced by mothers for the first 3 days postpartum?

Colostrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of the conceptus digesting the endometrial wall during implantation?

Trophoblastic invasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the yolk sac during embryonic development?

Providing nutrients, blood cells, and germ cells to the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequences of a lack of folate in the diet during pregnancy?

Spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks of gestation does the placenta develop?

Weeks 4-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of a newborn?

5.5-8.8 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of relaxin during pregnancy?

Loosening ligaments at the hip joint and dilating the cervix Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of rapid growth during pregnancy?

Fetal growth spurt Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of the amniotic cavity?

Amniogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of the cells forming layers of membranes during embryonic development?

Embryonic folding Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of pregnancy into three periods?

Three trimesters Signup and view all the answers