Fertilization and Cell Development

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Questions and Answers

What structure sweeps the oocyte from the ovary into the Fallopian tube?

  • Fimbriae (correct)
  • Endometrium
  • Uterine lining
  • Cilia

Within how many minutes does the fertilization membrane form after a sperm enters the egg?

  • 30-35 minutes
  • 2-5 minutes (correct)
  • 20-25 minutes
  • 10-15 minutes

What is the term for the series of mitotic divisions that occur after fertilization?

  • Gastrulation
  • Blastulation
  • Implantation
  • Cleavage (correct)

Approximately how many days after fertilization does the zygote develop into a morula?

<p>3 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In human development, what structure implants into the endometrium approximately 7 days after fertilization?

<p>Blastocyst (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is formed by the trophoblast?

<p>Chorion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner cell mass (ICM) known as after implantation?

<p>Embryonic disc (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following marks the beginning of the Gastrula Stage in embryonic development?

<p>Formation of a three-layered embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is the solid ball of blastomeres?

<p>Morula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cavity inside the blastocyst called?

<p>Blastoel or blastocyst cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two layers is the endometrium divided into after implantation?

<p>Decidua basalis and decidua capsularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures provides the structural basis for the umbilical cord?

<p>Allantois (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary germ layer gives rise to the epidermis, nervous system, and organs of special senses?

<p>Ectoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary germ layer gives rise to the GI Tract, urinary tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thyroid, thymus and parathyroid?

<p>Endoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is derived from the mesoderm?

<p>Kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amnion in embryonic development?

<p>Encases the embryo in a fluid-filled chamber for protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the extraembryonic membranes is responsible for providing the embryo's first blood cells?

<p>Yolk sac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct chronological order of the following stages of early embryonic development: morula, zygote, blastocyst, gastrula?

<p>Zygote → morula → blastocyst → gastrula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the formation of the fertilization membrane important?

<p>It prevents polyspermy, ensuring the zygote has the correct number of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do trophoblast cells contribute to implantation?

<p>By secreting enzymes that break down the endometrium to reach blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After implantation, what happens to the trophoblast cells?

<p>They differentiate into the chorion, contributing to the formation of the placenta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the yolk sac during early human embryonic development?

<p>To supply the embryo with its first blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You're examining a sample under a microscope and observe a solid ball of approximately 32 cells. Based on your knowledge of human development, what stage is this most likely to be?

<p>Morula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do the trophoblast cells use to penetrate the endometrium?

<p>Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the ectoderm failed to develop properly during gastrulation, which of the following systems would be MOST affected?

<p>The nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the gastrula stage?

<p>A three-layered embryo with distinct germ layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the effects of certain toxins on early embryonic development. They observe that the allantois is severely malformed in the exposed embryos. What is the MOST likely long-term consequence of this defect?

<p>Compromised structural development of the umbilical cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman is diagnosed with a condition that prevents the formation of the fertilization membrane. What is the MOST likely immediate consequence of this condition if fertilization were to occur?

<p>Multiple sperm could fertilize the egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A certain drug is known to inhibit the secretion of enzymes by trophoblast cells. What specific process in early embryonic development would be MOST directly affected by this drug?

<p>Implantation of the blastocyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the mesoderm layer of an embryo failed to properly differentiate, which of the following structures would NOT develop correctly?

<p>Kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms plays the MOST direct role in preventing polyspermy?

<p>The formation of the fertilization membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division without an increase in overall size. What is this process called?

<p>Cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of events leading to implantation?

<p>Fertilization → Cleavage → Morula → Blastocyst formation → Implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist discovers a compound that prevents the formation of the allantosis. Which function of the developing embryo would be most immediately affected?

<p>Waste removal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During gastrulation, a critical signaling error causes a complete failure of mesoderm formation. Which of the following structures would be MOST affected by this error?

<p>The heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a developing embryo where a genetic mutation prevents the proper folding and migration of cells during gastrulation. If the endoderm layer failed to form correctly, which of the following processes would be MOST directly compromised?

<p>Differentiation of the digestive tract lining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is designing a drug that will prevent implantation of a blastocyst but wants to minimize side effects on the mother. Which of the following mechanisms would be the MOST specific and effective target for this drug?

<p>Selective blockade of integrin-mediated attachment of trophoblast cells to the endometrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hypothetical scenario, researchers succeed in creating artificial trophoblast cells that, while structurally sound, are incapable of secreting Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). How would this MOST directly impact early pregnancy?

<p>The maternal corpus luteum would degenerate prematurely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fimbriae function

Sweep oocyte from ovary into Fallopian Tube where sperm may be met.

What is a zygote?

Cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg.

Fertilization membrane

Membrane forms beneath egg's jelly coat preventing additional sperm from entering.

What is cleavage?

Cell division of the zygote after fertilization.

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Blastomeres

Cells formed during cleavage. Successively smaller and smaller cells.

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What is a morula?

Solid ball of blastomeres formed about 3 days after fertilization.

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Blastocyst

Structure formed from the morula approximately 4 days after fertilization when the cells hollow out. It is implanted in the uterus.

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Trophoblast

Outer layer of cells that will form the chorion; extraembryonic membrane forming the fetal placenta.

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Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

Becomes embryonic disc that forms the embryo.

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Decidua basalis

The location in the endometrium below the inner cell mass after about 14 days.

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Decidua capularis

The location in the endometrium above the inner cell mass after about 14 days.

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Gastrula Stage

Formation of a 3-layered embryo.

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Endoderm

The inner layer that forms the GI tract, urinary tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, and parathyroid.

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Mesoderm

The middle layer that forms dermis, skeleton, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, kidneys, internal reproductive organs, adrenal cortex.

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Ectoderm

The outer layer that forms epidermis, nervous system, special senses, and adrenal medulla.

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Amnion

Fluid-filled sac that encases and protects the embryo.

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Yolk sac

Provides the embryo's first blood cells.

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Allantois

Forms the structural basis of the umbilical cord.

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Study Notes

  • Fimbriae sweeps the oocyte from the ovary into the Fallopian tube.
  • The oocyte can potentially meet sperm in the Fallopian tube.
  • The entry of sperm into the oocyte, creating a zygote.
  • A fertilization membrane forms beneath the egg's jelly coat within 2-5 minutes, blocking additional sperm from entering when fertilization happens.

Cell Development

  • The zygote divides after fertilization.
  • The fertilized egg forms a mass of successively smaller cells called Blastomeres.
  • The series of mitotic divisions is cleavage.
  • Two days after fertilization the zygote is at the 4 cell stage, still in the fallopian tube.
  • After Three days, the zygote develops into a morula.
  • The Morula is a solid ball of 32 blastomeres that resembles a berry that remains in the fallopian tube.
  • After four days, the morula has entered the uterus and turned into a blastocyst.
  • The early blastocyst hollows out, and the zona pellucida degenerates as the blastocyst enters the uterus.
  • After seven days, the blastocyst consists of trophoblast cells, an inner cell mass, and a blastocyst cavity.
  • At day seven, the blastocyst begins implanting in the endometrium.

Trophoblast and Inner Cell Mass

  • The Trophoblast becomes the chorion.
  • Chorion is the extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal placenta.
  • Trophoblast cells release enzymes to degrade the endometrium and reach blood vessels.
  • Once implantation is complete about 14 days post-fertilization, the trophoblast differentiates into a chorion that lie in blood-filled sinusoids of uterine tissue.
  • Exchanges occur to and from the embryo during this time.
  • The Inner Cell Mass (ICM) becomes the embryonic disc, and will eventually form the embryo.
  • The endometrium below the ICM after implantation is called the decidua basalis while endometrium above the ICM is called the decidua capularis.
  • After implantation is complete, embryo development proceeds to the gastrula stage.

Gastrula Stage: Three-Layer Embryo

  • A three-layered embryo forms, where each layer corresponds to a primary germ layer from which all body tissues develop.
  • The Endoderm is the inner layer that forms the GI tract, urinary tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, and parathyroid.
  • Mesoderm is the middle layer that forms the dermis, skeleton, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, kidneys, internal reproductive organs, and adrenal cortex.
  • The Ectoderm forms the epidermis, nervous system, sense organs, nasal cavity, anal cavity, adrenal medulla, pituitary, and pineal glands.

Extra Features of Embryo

  • Amnion encases the young embryo in a fluid-filled chamber.
  • The amnion protects the embryo from mechanical trauma and rapid temperature fluctuations.
  • Yolk Sac loses its original function but still provides the embryo's first blood cells.
  • Allantois forms from the posterior end of the yolk sac.
  • The Allantois establishes the structural basis of the umbilical cord.

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