Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reactant used in anaerobic fermentation?

  • Ethanol
  • Lactic acid
  • Oxygen
  • Glucose (correct)

Which type of fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct?

  • Aerobic respiration
  • Glycolysis
  • Lactic acid fermentation (correct)
  • Alcoholic fermentation

What is a major disadvantage of anaerobic fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

  • It occurs in mitochondria.
  • It requires oxygen.
  • It does not occur in muscle cells.
  • It produces less ATP. (correct)

What are the final products of alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular component does anaerobic fermentation primarily occur?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during aerobic cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is primarily responsible for wine fermentation?

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

<p>Two molecules of pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the mitochondria?

<p>Krebs Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence the flavor and aroma of wine?

<p>Oxygen availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of aerobic respiration?

<p>It is a slow process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are necessary for aerobic respiration to occur?

<p>Oxygen and glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of pyruvate oxidation in aerobic respiration?

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of cheating in education?

<p>Loss of self-respect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucokinase in the body?

<p>To generate glucose in the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs when yeast cells switch to fermentation?

<p>Low oxygen levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of fermentation in food production?

<p>Aids flavor enhancement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent unwanted microbial growth in winemaking?

<p>Maintain high pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reactants used in cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose and oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many net ATP are produced from the fermentation of glucose?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the burning sensation in muscles during intense exercise?

<p>Build-up of lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important strategy for exam preparation mentioned in the message?

<p>Review key concepts thoroughly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the message suggest to do if you encounter a challenging question during the exam?

<p>Take a deep breath and break it down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics should students be clear on for the exam?

<p>Fermentation and cellular respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is getting rest important before an exam?

<p>It helps the brain perform better. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the final exam for the students?

<p>To demonstrate their understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects Ma’am LGD's view on the students' efforts?

<p>Growth as a learner is important regardless of the exam result. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should students approach problem-solving as mentioned in the preparation tips?

<p>Apply concepts to practice questions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is advised against when preparing for the exam?

<p>Being overly anxious about the exam. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

<p>To generate ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

<p>It serves as the final electron acceptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do NADH and FADH2 contribute to the electron transport chain?

<p>They deposit electrons into the chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What creates the electrochemical gradient in mitochondria?

<p>The transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cheating in an academic environment?

<p>It creates distrust within the community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the value of honest effort?

<p>It contributes to personal growth and respect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are regenerated after NADH and FADH2 donate electrons?

<p>NAD+ and FAD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotion is associated with achieving success through hard work, according to the provided content?

<p>Satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. It uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Aerobic Respiration Reactants

The substances used in aerobic respiration are glucose and oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration Products

The substances produced by aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

ATP Production in Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration produces 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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Aerobic Respiration Location

Aerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

A series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria, where acetyl CoA is broken down, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.

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Acetyl CoA in Krebs Cycle

Acetyl CoA, produced from the breakdown of glucose, combines with a four-carbon molecule to start the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle Products

The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.

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What are the primary sugars in grape fermentation?

Glucose and fructose are the primary sugars found in grapes that undergo fermentation during winemaking.

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What is the purpose of filtering wine?

Filtering wine removes dead yeast cells and other solid particles, leading to a clearer and more stable product.

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What is the importance of temperature control in winemaking?

Temperature control is crucial to prevent spoilage, maintain optimal yeast activity, and influence the final flavor profile of the wine.

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What are some ways to prevent unwanted microbial growth in winemaking?

To prevent microbial growth, techniques like adding sulfites, maintaining a low pH, and using sterile equipment are employed.

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What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is a molecular process that breaks down glucose, produces waste products (carbon dioxide and water), and generates energy in the form of ATP.

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What are the two main types of respiration?

The main types of respiration are aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) and anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen).

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What happens during glycolysis in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis is the initial stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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Why does pyruvate oxidation occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix because it's where the necessary enzymes and coenzymes are located to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA.

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Anaerobic Fermentation

A type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where cells break down sugars to produce energy. It is less efficient than aerobic respiration but allows organisms to survive in oxygen-deprived environments.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic fermentation that produces lactic acid as a byproduct. It is commonly used in the production of dairy products like cheese and yogurt.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of anaerobic fermentation that produces ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. It is primarily used in winemaking.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A microorganism, commonly known as yeast, that is primarily responsible for wine fermentation.

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Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP.

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Pyruvate

The three-carbon product of glycolysis. It can be further processed in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or used in anaerobic fermentation.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of cells. It is produced during cellular respiration and used to power various cellular processes.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy (ATP). It includes four stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process where glucose is partially broken down to yield energy, producing lactic acid or ethanol as a byproduct.

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Krebs Cycle

The second stage of cellular respiration, where pyruvate is broken down further to release electrons. It occurs in the mitochondria.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons are used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

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Proton Gradient

A difference in the concentration of protons across a membrane, which is crucial for ATP synthesis.

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Collapse of Proton Gradient

The disruption of the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a decrease in ATP production.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient.

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NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. They donate electrons to the Electron Transport Chain, releasing energy.

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Electrochemical Gradient

A difference in both electrical charge and chemical concentration across a membrane. In the Electron Transport Chain, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating a gradient.

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Oxygen's Role

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain. It accepts electrons from the ETC and combines with protons to form water.

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ATP Synthesis

The process of creating ATP using the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase is the enzyme that catalyses this reaction.

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Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The site of oxidative phosphorylation. The electron transport chain is embedded within this membrane, and the gradient is created across it.

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Study Notes

Fermentation

  • Fermentation is a type of redox metabolism that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
  • It's less efficient than aerobic respiration, producing less ATP.
  • Anaerobic organisms use fermentation to generate energy.
  • Common types include lactic acid fermentation (used in dairy products) and alcoholic fermentation (used in winemaking).
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key microorganism in wine fermentation.
  • Wine flavor and aroma are influenced by grape variety, yeast strain, and climate/soil conditions.
  • Glucose and fructose are primary sugars in grapes for fermentation.
  • Filtering removes dead yeast and solids from wine.
  • Temperature control during winemaking impacts flavor profiles and prevents spoilage.
  • Ways to prevent unwanted microbial growth include adding sulphites, maintaining low pH, and using sterile equipment.

Cellular Respiration

  • Respiration is a molecular process breaking down glucose for energy.
  • Reactions produce waste products and energy.
  • Primary reactants are glucose and oxygen; primary products are carbon dioxide and water.
  • Chemical equation for aerobic respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
  • Two types of respiration:
    • Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in the presence of oxygen, generates more ATP.
    • Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen, occurs in the absence of oxygen. Produces less ATP and includes fermentation as a possible outcome.
  • Intense exercise might cause the body to switch to lactic acid fermentation due to oxygen shortage.

Four Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
  • Pyruvate Oxidation: Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA, releasing CO₂ and producing NADH.
  • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule. Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport Chain (ETC): NADH and FADH₂ release electrons, driving ATP production. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.

Microbial Growth Prevention

  • Methods include adding sulphites, maintaining low pH, and using sterile equipment.

Consequences of Cheating

  • Cheating undermines personal growth, integrity, and potential.
  • It is a betrayal of trust and has lasting consequences.
  • It robs the individual of the essential learning process.
  • It damages the learning environment and collective trust.
  • Success comes from hard work and perseverance.
  • Honest effort leads to true satisfaction and confidence.

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My Notes - Fermentation & Cellular Respiration

Description

Explore the fascinating processes of fermentation and cellular respiration. This quiz covers essential topics such as anaerobic metabolism, the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in winemaking, and how respiration breaks down glucose. Test your knowledge on key concepts and terminologies related to these vital biological processes.

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