L10. Histology - Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the developmental stage of the primary oocyte within primordial follicles?

  • Arrested in Meiosis I (correct)
  • Arrested in Meiosis II
  • Completed Meiosis I
  • In the metaphase stage of Meiosis I

What type of cells surround the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?

  • Squamous cells (correct)
  • Columnar cells
  • Cuboidal cells
  • Granulosa cells

How long can the primary oocyte remain arrested in meiosis I?

  • 20-30 years
  • 1-5 years
  • 5-10 years
  • 12-50 years (correct)

What occurs when primordial follicles develop into primary follicles?

<p>Follicular cells become cuboidal and are called granulosa cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unilaminar primary follicle?

<p>One layer of cuboidal granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing feature of the secondary (antral) follicle?

<p>Presence of the antrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is secreted by the primary oocyte between itself and the granulosa cells?

<p>Zona pellucida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) play in the secondary follicle?

<p>Prevents oocyte growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding granulosa cells in primary follicles?

<p>They are always cuboidal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the theca interna in secondary follicles?

<p>Highly vascularized and steroid-secreting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the surrounding connective tissue of the ovarian cortex called?

<p>Stroma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What composes the liquor folliculi found in the antrum?

<p>Hyaluronic acid, hormones, and growth factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure immediately surrounds the oocyte at ovulation in the secondary follicle?

<p>Corona radiata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the theca interna respond to luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation?

<p>Synthesizes and secretes androgens and progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the zona pellucida?

<p>Glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of cells are found in the theca externa layer of the secondary follicle?

<p>Ovarian stromal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that leads to the degeneration of follicles in the ovary?

<p>Atresia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the zona pellucida in atretic follicles?

<p>It helps identify an atretic follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes does NOT occur in atretic follicles?

<p>Granulosa cell proliferation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the development of larger atretic follicles, which of the following structural changes occurs?

<p>Formation of a glassy membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the uterine tube (oviduct)?

<p>Facilitate fertilization and transport ovum to the uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT a part of the uterine tube?

<p>Cervix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes atretic follicles from the corpus albicans?

<p>Size and thickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one feature of the atretic follicles that can be histologically recognized?

<p>Recognition of a zona pellucida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily found within the lobules of the mammary gland?

<p>Loose connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are present between the epithelial lining and basal lamina in the inactive mammary gland?

<p>Myoepithelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the inactive phase, what is primarily present within the lobules of the mammary gland?

<p>Ducts and loose connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers minor changes in the inactive breast associated with the uterine cycle?

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the intralobular ducts during pregnancy?

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of estrogen during pregnancy on the mammary gland?

<p>Stimulates the proliferation of ducts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of secretory alveoli in the mammary gland during pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural changes occur in the mammary gland during pregnancy?

<p>Formation of secretory alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the fimbriae play during ovulation?

<p>Direct the oocyte into the uterine tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization typically occur in the uterine tube?

<p>In the ampulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium composes the mucosa of the uterine tube?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the uterine cycle do the epithelial cells undergo hypertrophy?

<p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does estrogen have on the epithelial cells during the uterine cycle?

<p>Simulates ciliogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is characterized as the narrow region of the uterine tube near the uterine wall?

<p>Isthmus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peg cells found in the uterine tube?

<p>To produce nutrients for sperm and ova (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the height of the epithelium change leading up to menstruation?

<p>Reduces to about half its maximum height just before menstruation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the enlargement of the breast during lactation?

<p>Proliferation of ductal and alveolar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological change occurs in the lactating mammary gland compared to the proliferative gland?

<p>Dilation of secretory alveoli lumens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium makes up the alveoli and intralobular ducts of lactating mammary glands?

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are milk proteins released from the secretory cells of the alveoli?

<p>Merocrine secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the secretory cells of the alveoli in lactating mammary glands?

<p>Presence of lipid droplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion results in the release of the lipid component of milk?

<p>Apocrine secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are known to infiltrate the connective tissue during lactation?

<p>Plasma cells and eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amount of connective tissue in the breast as secretory alveoli grow?

<p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the antrum?

A fluid-filled cavity within a secondary follicle, which is distinguished by its presence.

What is the cumulus oophorus?

The cells that surround the oocyte in a secondary follicle, forming a mound-like structure.

What is the corona radiate?

The cells of the cumulus oophorus directly attached to the oocyte, remaining with it during ovulation.

What is the theca interna?

The inner, highly vascularized layer of steroid-secreting endocrine cells in a secondary follicle.

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What is the theca externa?

The outer layer of ovarian stromal cells surrounding the theca interna.

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What is liquor folliculi?

The fluid that fills the antrum, containing hyaluronic acid, hormones, and growth factors.

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What is oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI)?

A hormone that inhibits oocyte growth in a secondary follicle, secreted by granulosa cells.

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What is antral follicle development?

The process that leads to the formation of a secondary follicle, characterized by the presence of an antrum.

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What is a primordial follicle?

A primordial follicle is the earliest stage of follicle development in the ovary. It consists of a single primary oocyte arrested in meiosis I, surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicular cells.

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Where's the primary oocyte arrested in a primordial follicle?

The primary oocyte within a primordial follicle is arrested in prophase I of meiosis, specifically the diplotene stage. It will remain arrested for years until later stimulated by hormones.

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What surrounds the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?

The single layer of squamous cells surrounding the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle is called follicular cells. They are crucial for providing support and nourishment to the oocyte.

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How does a primary follicle develop?

A primary follicle develops from a primordial follicle. The primary oocyte remains arrested in meiosis I, but the squamous follicular cells surrounding it become cuboidal and are now called granulosa cells.

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What's the difference between a unilaminar and multilaminar primary follicle?

A unilaminar primary follicle has only one layer of granulosa cells surrounding the primary oocyte. A multilaminar primary follicle has many layers of granulosa cells.

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What is the zona pellucida?

The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer that forms between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells in a primary follicle. It plays a crucial role in fertilization by allowing sperm to bind to the oocyte.

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Is early follicle development hormonally dependent?

Follicle development in the early stages, specifically primordial and primary follicles, happens independently of hormone stimulation. This means they are regulated by intrinsic factors within the ovary.

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How does oocyte meiosis differ from sperm meiosis?

Meiosis in female gametes (oocytes) has key differences from male gametes (sperm). A major difference is that meiosis I in oocytes is arrested at prophase I for years, whereas sperm complete meiosis much quicker.

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Atresia

The process of degeneration and breakdown of ovarian follicles that fail to develop into mature eggs.

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Atretic Follicle

A degenerating ovarian follicle that undergoes atresia.

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Granulosa Cells

The outermost layer of cells surrounding the developing egg in an ovarian follicle.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; a natural process of cell elimination.

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Macrophages

Cells that engulf and break down cellular debris or foreign invaders.

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Theca Interna

The layer of cells that encloses the developing egg in an ovarian follicle, and secretes hormones.

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Glassy Membrane

A thick, glassy membrane that forms around atretic follicles, marking the degeneration process.

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Corpus Albicans

A structure that remains after a follicle matures and releases an egg, eventually becoming a scar.

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Fimbriae

The funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube, closest to the ovary.

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Ampulla

The longest segment of the fallopian tube, where fertilization typically takes place.

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Isthmus

The narrow region of the fallopian tube connecting to the uterus.

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Intramural segment

The part of the fallopian tube that opens into the uterine cavity.

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Mucosa of the fallopian tube

The inner lining of the fallopian tube, made of epithelial cells, including ciliated and secretory cells.

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Peg cells

Non-ciliated secretory cells found within the fallopian tube mucosa.

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Cyclic changes in fallopian tube mucosa

The cyclic changes in the fallopian tube mucosa in response to estrogen and progesterone.

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Maximum height of fallopian tube mucosa

The peak height of the fallopian tube mucosa, occurring around ovulation.

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Lobes and Lobules in the Mammary Gland

Each lobe of the mammary gland is a distinct unit that originates from the nipple and extends towards the periphery. Within each lobe, numerous smaller units called lobules are present, containing secretory alveoli.

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Intralobular Connective Tissue

The connective tissue within the lobules, responsible for supporting and connecting the secretory alveoli. It is loosely arranged, allowing for flexibility and expansion during milk production.

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Interlobular Connective Tissue

The connective tissue present between the lobules, providing structural support and separating the lobes. It is densely packed, providing strength and stability.

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Inactive Mammary Gland

During inactive periods, the mammary gland primarily consists of ducts and loose connective tissue within the lobules. The ducts are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, and myoepithelial cells are present between the epithelium and basal lamina.

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Mammary Gland Changes During the Uterine Cycle

The ducts and loose connective tissue within the lobules undergo minor changes due to the influence of estrogen during the uterine cycle. These changes may involve some duct proliferation and temporary swelling.

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Mammary Gland During Pregnancy

The changes that occur in the mammary gland during pregnancy prepare it for lactation. The epithelium of the intralobular ducts proliferates and differentiates into milk-secreting cells, forming secretory alveoli. Both the secretory alveoli and the intralobular ducts are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of the ducts, while progesterone promotes the growth of the secretory alveoli.

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Formation of Secretory Alveoli

The epithelium of the intralobular ducts changes during pregnancy, transitioning into milk-producing cells known as secretory alveoli. These cells are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.

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Estrogen's Role in Mammary Gland Development

Estrogen plays a crucial role in stimulating the growth and development of the ducts within the lobules, preparing the mammary gland for lactation.

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What happens to the secretory alveoli during lactation?

During lactation, the lumens of the secretory alveoli become enlarged due to the accumulation of milk.

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What types of cells make up the alveoli and intralobular ducts during lactation?

The alveoli and intralobular ducts in lactating mammary glands are composed of cuboidal epithelium and myoepithelial cells.

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How are milk proteins released by the secretory cells?

Milk proteins are released by the secretory cells using merocrine secretion.

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How are lipid droplets in milk released by the secretory cells?

Individual lipid droplets merge together and are released with some plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

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What distinguishes the secretory cells in lactating mammary glands?

The secretory cells in lactating mammary glands are distinguished by the presence of lipid droplets and milk protein-containing secretory vesicles.

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What happens to the adipose and connective tissue in the breast during lactation?

During lactation, a decrease in adipose and connective tissue occurs as the secretory alveoli expand.

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What are the main changes that occur in the breast during lactation?

The growth of the breast during lactation involves proliferation of ductal and alveolar cells, hypertrophy of secretory cells, and accumulation of milk in the alveoli.

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What type of cells infiltrate the connective tissue in lactating mammary glands?

Plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils infiltrate the connective tissue during lactation.

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Study Notes

Female Reproductive System - Learning Objectives

  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the ovary
  • Detail the histological organization of the ovary, starting with mesothelium
  • Outline the two major hormones produced by the ovary and their function
  • Detail the process of oogenesis
  • Describe the histological organization of primordial follicles, including their stage in meiosis
  • Describe the histological organization of primary follicles, including their stage in meiosis
  • Explain the relationship between granulosa cells and oocytes
  • Detail the mechanism of meiotic arrest
  • Describe the histological organization of secondary follicles (antral follicles), including their stage in meiosis
  • Explain the functional roles of theca interna and granulosa cells during oogenesis
  • Describe the role of the hypophysis in controlling ovarian endocrine function
  • Describe the histological organization of Graafian (mature) follicles, including their stage in meiosis
  • Describe the changes in endocrine secretions and meiosis in Graafian follicles
  • Outline the process of ovulation
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of a corpus luteum
  • Describe the endocrine secretions and function of the corpus luteum
  • Describe the fate of the corpus luteum
  • Describe atretic follicles
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the oviduct (uterine tube)
  • Detail the histological organization of the oviduct and its role in reproduction
  • Describe how oviduct histology changes with the uterine cycle
  • Explain the connection between oviductal histological changes and ovarian function
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the uterus
  • Detail the histological organization of the uterine wall
  • Contrast the functions of the two layers of the uterine endometrium
  • Describe the blood supply of the uterine endometrium
  • Detail the sequence of histological changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and their cellular basis
  • Describe the hormonal control of the uterine endometrium
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the cervix
  • Detail the changes in the epithelium of the cervix from uterus to vagina
  • Describe the glands in the cervix and how their secretions change during the menstrual cycle
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the vagina
  • Explain the histological organization of the vagina
  • Compare and contrast the histological organization of the vaginal wall to the esophagus
  • Describe the microanatomy and function of the mammary gland
  • Describe the histological organization of the inactive mammary gland
  • Describe the histological organization of the active mammary gland and contrast it with the inactive gland
  • Describe the histological organization of the lactating mammary gland and contrast it with the active gland
  • Describe the products released by secretory alveolar cells and their modes of secretion
  • Describe the role of hormones in postnatal mammary gland development and lactation control

Lecture Content Outline

  • Ovaries
  • Primordial follicles
  • Primary follicles
  • Secondary (antral) follicles
  • Graafian (mature) follicles
  • Corpus luteum
  • Atretic follicles
  • Uterine tube (Oviduct)
    • Function
    • Regions
    • Layers of wall
  • Uterus
    • Function
    • Regions
    • Layers of wall
    • Components of endometrium
    • Layers of endometrium
    • Endometrial blood vessels
  • Uterine (endometrial, menstrual) cycle
  • Description
  • Three phases of cycle
    • Proliferative (follicular) stage
    • Secretory (luteal) phase
    • Menstrual (ischemic) phase
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Mammary gland
    • Inactive (nonpregnant) gland
    • Active (pregnant) gland
    • Lactating mammary gland

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Female Reproductive System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the female reproductive system, specifically focusing on the microanatomy and function of the ovary. This quiz covers key topics such as oogenesis, histological organization of follicles, and hormonal functions. Assess your understanding of the critical roles of different cell types and hormones involved in ovarian function.

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