Feline Leukemia and Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum duration for which Chlamydophila felis can be shed?

  • 12 months
  • 24 months
  • 5 months
  • 18 months (correct)

    • Which diagnostic method is considered most useful for confirming FHV?

  • PCR testing
  • Direct immunofluorescence (correct)
  • Virus isolation from nasal swabs
  • Culture techniques

    • What should NOT be used for treating FHV if pneumonia symptoms are present?

  • Corticosteroids (correct)
  • Hydrocodone
  • Doxycycline
  • Topical antiviral drugs

    • Which antibiotic is NOT typically used in the treatment of Bordetella infections?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is topical tetracycline ophthalmic ointment indicated?

    <p>Chlamydophila infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens can be isolated from nasopharyngeal or tracheal swabs?

    <p>Canine parainfluenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate treatment method for patients without pneumonia and a nonproductive cough?

    <p>Use hydrocodone and butorphanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Bordetella bronchiseptica are true?

    <p>Can be shed for up to 5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon therapy?

    <p>Recurrent anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a non-core vaccine for cats?

    <p>Feline leukemia vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cats, where do lesions from chronic infections often begin?

    <p>In the fauces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with FIV infection in cats?

    <p>B-cell lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy may lead to vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats?

    <p>Vaccine administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is NOT listed as a common oral pathogen in affected cats?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken in multi-cat households with FeLV-positive cats?

    <p>Implement a test and removal program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is it recommended to give to outdoor cats that may be exposed to infections?

    <p>Feline leukemia vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing feline astrovirus?

    <p>Detection in feces by EM or PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if an unvaccinated animal is exposed to rabies?

    <p>Euthanasia is recommended for tissue examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission route for feline astrovirus?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long may a healthy dog or cat be observed after reportedly biting a human?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical prevention measure for humans at high risk of rabies?

    <p>Immunization with human diploid cell vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is associated with feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Mild diarrhea lasting 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are common reservoirs for rabies?

    <p>Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the supportive treatment measures for feline astrovirus?

    <p>Fluid therapy and diet restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for the pathogenesis described?

    <p>12 to 16 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is more prevalent in young animals?

    <p>Subclinical infection of the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammatory response is usually seen in histopathology?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which culture medium is used for the growth of the identified organism?

    <p>Sabouraud’s dextrose agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for the infection described?

    <p>Itraconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of severe infection, which combination of treatments is employed?

    <p>Itraconazole and amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with chronic pulmonary infection?

    <p>Chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following grades of pulmonary infection is noted to be more prevalent?

    <p>Chronic pulmonary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed types exhibit increased susceptibility to blastomycosis?

    <p>Large-breed sporting and hound breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for blastomycosis?

    <p>Inhalation of spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region are nodular interstitial infiltrates primarily located when viewing radiographs in infected cases?

    <p>Great Lakes region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is NOT commonly associated with disseminated infection from blastomycosis?

    <p>Sudden onset of limping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is often observed in patients with blastomycosis?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blastomycosis cases typically present with pulmonary infection?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems may be involved in disseminated infection from blastomycosis?

    <p>Bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eyes, CNS, skin, bone, or oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with intestinal infections from blastomycosis?

    <p>Progressive weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of increased probability of FCoV mutation?

    <p>Emergence of new viral strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fluid analysis indicate if the total fluid protein is greater than 3.5 g/dL with more than 50% globulins?

    <p>FIP is likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can FCoV commonly be transmitted between cats?

    <p>Oronasal contact with infected feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular analysis finding is characteristic of FIP fluid?

    <p>Pyogranulomatous exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive but low FCoV antibody titer indicate?

    <p>FIP is possible with clinical signs present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common property of cerebrospinal fluid in the context of FIP?

    <p>Elevated nucleated cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can FCoV survive in dried feces under suitable conditions?

    <p>7 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effusion fluid is indicative of FIP?

    <p>Stringy or sticky that may clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Aerosolized respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most associated with acute respiratory disease caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica?

    <p>Loud, hacking cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeframe for recovery from canine distemper virus after a rapid immune response?

    <p>7 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method may reveal the presence of pneumonia in dogs suffering from respiratory disease?

    <p>Thoracic radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor increases the susceptibility of dogs to respiratory disease caused by pathogens like Bordetella?

    <p>Poor ventilation in facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is critical for the outcome of infection with canine distemper virus?

    <p>Rapid immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of secondary infections can occur in FeLV-infected cats?

    <p>Fungal, protozoal, bacterial, and Mycoplasma infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could result from immune-mediated disorders in FeLV-infected cats?

    <p>Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs typically indicate a respiratory infection from pathogens like Bordetella or Mycoplasma?

    <p>Increased mucus production and discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission route is associated with reproductive failure in FeLV-infected queens?

    <p>Transplacental transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After recovery from canine distemper virus, how long can the virus continue to be shed?

    <p>1 to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of FeLV infection is characterized by the shedding of the virus in body secretions?

    <p>Clinical stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method can detect the presence of FeLV antigen in the blood?

    <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does FeLV survive outside the host?

    <p>Up to 48 hours in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral lymph node hyperplasia in FeLV-infected cats tends to resolve, but it may recur or develop into what condition?

    <p>Feline lymphosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action before introducing a new cat into a household with existing cats?

    <p>Test all cats before vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern regarding protection during the vaccination of puppies with maternal antibodies?

    <p>There is a period during which puppies may be susceptible to infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for vaccination of puppies with MLV CPV-2 vaccines until they reach 14 weeks of age?

    <p>Every 3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies?

    <p>Bite wounds from infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended observation period for a healthy dog or cat that bites a human?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic method for confirming a viral infection in an unvaccinated kitten?

    <p>Fecal PCR or virus isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an unvaccinated exposed animal is not euthanized, what is required?

    <p>Isolation for 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs could indicate a poor prognosis if present in a patient?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical supportive measure for treating feline astrovirus?

    <p>Fluid therapy and diet restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is suggested as supportive treatment for infected animals?

    <p>Intensive fluid therapy and antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccination strategies is appropriate for puppies less than 5 weeks of age?

    <p>Killed vaccine for pregnant dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs are typically associated with feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>A mild diarrhea lasting 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is NOT a common reservoir for rabies?

    <p>Domestic cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur in utero near the end of gestation in infected pregnant dogs?

    <p>Cerebellar hypoplasia in puppies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of evaluation is necessary if signs suggestive of rabies occur in an observed animal?

    <p>Immediate euthanasia and testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is often associated with severe infection that would indicate serious complications?

    <p>Prolonged leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the presence of rabies diagnosed?

    <p>Tissue examination post-euthanasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of intranasal vaccines in providing protection?

    <p>They stimulate local immunity with rapid onset of protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for isolating new cats in shelters?

    <p>3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may L-lysine therapy help reduce in affected animals?

    <p>Replication of feline herpesvirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the typical immunization duration for Bordetella vaccination?

    <p>6 months or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a preferred treatment to manage secondary infections in respiratory illness?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific virus causes the condition known as canine distemper?

    <p>RNA Morbillivirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a proper environmental control measure in a kennel setting during an outbreak?

    <p>Providing proper ventilation and using disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is known to be susceptible to infection by Bordetella bronchiseptica?

    <p>Ferrets and raccoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon therapy?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of vaccines is classified as non-core for cats?

    <p>FeLV and bordetella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lesions from chronic oral infections commonly begin in cats?

    <p>Maxillary gingivae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with FIV infection in cats that affects the nervous system?

    <p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may develop at the site of vaccination in some cats?

    <p>Vaccine-associated sarcomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is among the common oral pathogens affecting cats?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended action for managing FeLV-positive cats in catteries?

    <p>Test and removal program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of FIV-positive cats during the latent period?

    <p>Live several years without showing clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chronic infections is NOT commonly found in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Giardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for stomatitis in cats?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of effusive (wet) form of FIP?

    <p>Inflammatory fluid present in the peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding vaccination in cats before administering an FIV vaccine?

    <p>Ensure the cat is FIV antibody negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of high total fluid protein and elevated globulins in FIP fluid analysis?

    <p>Indicates increased likelihood of viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is not recommended for the prevention of FIV exposure in cats?

    <p>Allowing outdoor access for all cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can thoracic effusion from FIP cause in cats?

    <p>Dyspnea, tachypnea, and exercise intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to minimize fighting among outdoor cats?

    <p>Spaying and neutering cats that go outdoors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if a healthy dog or cat bites a human?

    <p>Confinement and observation of the animal for 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rabies reservoir animal is known for shedding the virus without showing clinical signs?

    <p>Skunks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is specifically mentioned for confirming the presence of feline astrovirus?

    <p>PCR testing of feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic clinical sign of feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Mild diarrhea lasting 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment measure is suggested for both feline astrovirus and rabies exposure?

    <p>Supportive measures including fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an unvaccinated animal is exposed to rabies, what is the most likely recommendation?

    <p>Euthanasia for tissue examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about rabies is NOT true?

    <p>The virus can be shed in urine as well as saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of prevention is crucial for humans at high risk of rabies exposure?

    <p>Preexposure immunization with a specific vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is primarily responsible for causing leptospirosis in the United States?

    <p>Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental factor that can lead to infection with leptospirosis?

    <p>Exposure to contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is NOT a common reservoir for leptospirosis?

    <p>Deer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary route of transmission for Brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Contact with aborted fetal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation may occur in dogs infected with Brucellosis?

    <p>Reproductive failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Brucella organisms survive within mononuclear phagocytes?

    <p>Typically exceeds 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Leptospira bacteria?

    <p>Spirochetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended to disinfect urine from infected dogs to prevent leptospirosis?

    <p>Iodophor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats?

    <p>Mutation of enterotropic feline coronavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs are commonly associated with feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Ataxia and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs can be affected by the immune reaction to feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Kidney and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical seroprevalence risk factor for developing feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Young cats (6 months to 3 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hematological finding is commonly observed in cats with FIP?

    <p>High levels of globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is feline coronavirus primarily transmitted among cats?

    <p>Sharing litter boxes or food bowls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for developing feline infectious peritonitis besides age?

    <p>Living in catteries or multiple cat households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological condition is less common in cats with FIP?

    <p>Cerebellar atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for euthanasia in an unvaccinated animal exposed to rabies?

    <p>To allow for tissue examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign exhibited by animals infected with feline astrovirus?

    <p>Mild diarrhea lasting 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does rabies typically enter the body of a host?

    <p>Via a bite wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical prevention measure for individuals at high risk of rabies?

    <p>Immunization with human diploid cell vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is required if signs suggestive of rabies occur in an observed animal?

    <p>Euthanasia and testing of the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum observation period for a healthy dog or cat that has bitten a human?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is recommended for feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Supportive measures including fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigen is specifically detected by diagnostic tests for feline leukemia virus?

    <p>Core protein p27</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is a known reservoir for rabies?

    <p>Raccoons, skunks, and bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common effect of FeLV on the immune system?

    <p>Immunosuppression leading to secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the latency period of feline leukemia virus infection?

    <p>The latent stage can be eliminated over time in some cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of persistent feline leukemia virus infection?

    <p>Development of chronic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma is not associated with feline leukemia virus infections?

    <p>Dermatological lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does feline leukemia virus primarily transmit between cats?

    <p>Through saliva during grooming or fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical characteristic of young kittens in relation to feline leukemia virus?

    <p>They have the highest susceptibility to FeLV infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common clinical signs associated with FeLV infection?

    <p>Weight loss and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common way FeLV can be transmitted between cats?

    <p>Direct contact via grooming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication that can arise from FeLV infection in queens?

    <p>Reproductive failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test can detect FeLV antigen in the blood during early infection?

    <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration FeLV can survive outside the host in the environment?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperplasia can be observed in cats infected with FeLV?

    <p>Peripheral lymph node hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of secondary infections are common in cats with FeLV?

    <p>Viral, fungal, protozoal, Mycoplasma, and bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune-mediated disorder may occur as a result of FeLV infection?

    <p>Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of FeLV transmission?

    <p>Vector-borne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the initial approach when refeeding a patient recovering from gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>Introduce small feedings of a bland, highly digestible diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a potential complication in young puppies recovering from gastrointestinal illnesses?

    <p>Bacterial infections and other viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key pain management option for treating vomiting in patients with gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>Chlorpromazine after dehydration correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) survive in the environment, affecting other species?

    <p>It is resistant to inactivation but is affected by dilute sodium hypochlorite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition should be treated if there is a possible development of septic shock during recovery?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is observed with acute enteritis in young puppies?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is critical for neonatal care in relation to FPV?

    <p>Ensure that neonates receive colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment strategy used for managing symptoms of severe gastrointestinal distress?

    <p>Supportive therapy and fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common route of exposure for FeLV?

    <p>Direct contact through grooming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur due to transplacental transmission of FeLV?

    <p>Fetal resorption and stillbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing indicates that FeLV infection will be persistent?

    <p>Immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune-mediated disorders is NOT associated with FeLV?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration FeLV survives in the environment?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may develop from peripheral lymph node hyperplasia due to FeLV?

    <p>Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reproductive consequence for infected queens with FeLV?

    <p>Reproductive failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can predispose cats to secondary infections following FeLV infection?

    <p>Compromised immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible consequence of a partial immune response to canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Mild signs with eventual recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to diagnose canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Clinical signs and history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of transmission for canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is often observed with canine distemper, particularly in the respiratory phase?

    <p>Loud, hacking cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the canine distemper virus (CDV) survive in the environment?

    <p>For a few hours before being inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can be associated with serious immunosuppression due to canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Severe bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for the clinical course of a CDV infection?

    <p>7 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is NOT typically at risk for canine distemper virus (CDV) infection?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammatory process is primarily associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

    <p>Pyogranulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of cats is at the greatest risk for developing feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Young cats between 6 months and 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs may manifest as a result of FIP affecting the nervous system?

    <p>Ataxia and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is typically observed in cats with FIP when evaluating serum protein levels?

    <p>Increased total serum protein with decreased albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is commonly affected by the mutated FCoV associated with FIP?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may develop as a complication of FIP affecting the nervous system?

    <p>Hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased serum albumin-globulin ratio (A:G ratio) suggest in the context of feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>FIP strongly suspected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Transport the virus to multiple organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of feline ehrlichia-like diseases?

    <p>Nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method can assist in early detection of ehrlichiosis?

    <p>C6 antibody test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for dogs showing clinical signs of borreliosis?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial for the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi?

    <p>Tick attachment time of at least 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is specifically caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi?

    <p>Borreliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may not necessitate treatment for seropositive dogs?

    <p>Dogs that are asymptomatic but seropositive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is recommended to prevent ehrlichiosis in cats?

    <p>Minimize tick exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered more complex and expensive compared to the C6 antibody test?

    <p>Western blot assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age period during which puppies are most susceptible to infection but refractory to vaccination due to maternal antibodies?

    <p>2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs indicates a poor prognosis if developed in an infected patient?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should puppies receive MLV CPV-2 vaccines until they reach around 14 weeks of age?

    <p>Every 3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a definitive diagnostic method for infections discussed?

    <p>Fecal PCR or virus isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result if infection occurs in utero or shortly after birth?

    <p>Cerebellar hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine should be used for puppies younger than 5 weeks of age or for vaccinating pregnant dogs?

    <p>Killed vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely duration of profound leukopenia seen in infected kittens?

    <p>2 to 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken regarding the isolation of infected animals?

    <p>Isolate for at least a week after recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What duration is typical for the shedding of Bordetella bronchiseptica?

    <p>5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended treatment for persistent conjunctivitis in cats caused by Chlamydophila felis?

    <p>Tetracycline ophthalmic ointment for 3 to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cases should corticosteroids be avoided while treating a cough?

    <p>If there are signs of pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern if conjunctival scraping shows intranuclear inclusion bodies?

    <p>FHV or Chlamydophila could be present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which PCR test is notably sensitive for diagnosis?

    <p>FHV determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered if a cat exhibits recurring episodes of oral ulcers?

    <p>Testing for underlying FIV or FeLV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of treating a nonproductive cough in a cat without pneumonia symptoms?

    <p>Using hydrocodone and butorphanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective method for confirming FCV diagnosis?

    <p>Virus isolation from swabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Mild nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of lesions caused by feline poxvirus?

    <p>Presence of scabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses has been shown to cause fatal neurologic disease primarily in certain regions?

    <p>Borna virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant indicator of liver disease in diagnosing canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Elevated alanine amino transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason CAV-1 vaccines are not recommended?

    <p>They cause anterior uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most commonly affected by the infection described?

    <p>Animals younger than 4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach is recommended for canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Supportive treatment for liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about West Nile virus is incorrect?

    <p>It primarily affects humans only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the organisms in histopathological examinations?

    <p>Round to oval structures within macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for the infections discussed?

    <p>12 to 16 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is usually involved in confirming canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Liver biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if an exposed animal is unvaccinated and cannot undergo euthanasia?

    <p>Isolation for 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is considered less effective compared to itraconazole?

    <p>Ketonazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is associated with subclinical infections of the respiratory tract?

    <p>Multiple calcified interstitial foci in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios correctly describes the post-exposure observation procedure for a healthy dog or cat that bites a human?

    <p>Confinement and isolation for 10 days with owner observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal medium for the culture of the organism mentioned?

    <p>Sabouraud's dextrose agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical reason for the importance of preexposure prevention of rabies in humans?

    <p>Clinical cases of rabies in humans are fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic methods are used to detect feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Fecal analysis by EM or PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is typically observed in patients with the infection?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected duration of mild diarrhea in a cat infected with feline astrovirus?

    <p>4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is notably linked to chronic pulmonary infection resulting from the described organism?

    <p>Mild dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is recommended for managing feline astrovirus infections?

    <p>Supportive measures including diet restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies among wild animals?

    <p>Direct contact with saliva through bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can a rabid animal potentially shed the rabies virus without showing clinical signs?

    <p>For an indefinite period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial feeding method should be used when refeeding an affected animal?

    <p>Small feedings of a bland, highly digestible diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate treatment for vomiting if metoclopramide is ineffective?

    <p>Chlorpromazine, after correcting dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should antidiarrheals be considered in the treatment of gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>They are usually not needed during intensive fluid therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can be treated with blood transfusions when anemia is present?

    <p>Concurrent disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key characteristics of the prognosis for young puppies infected with feline panleukopenia virus?

    <p>Surviving the first few days greatly increases recovery chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly observed in animals suffering from acute enteritis?

    <p>Severe diarrhea with dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) survive in the environment?

    <p>Over a year if not inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection cause on dividing cells?

    <p>It affects rapidly dividing cells, especially in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary antibiotic used for treating canine ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Ehrlichia is primarily transmitted by Ixodes ticks?

    <p>E.ewingii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method can confirm the presence of intracellular Ehrlichia in blood leukocytes?

    <p>PCR testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common hematological finding is associated with canine ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can affect the prognosis of a dog suffering from ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Development of bone marrow hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to minimize the risk of Ehrlichiosis transmission to pets?

    <p>Minimize exposure to ticks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with canine ehrlichiosis?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can morulae of Ehrlichia be primarily observed?

    <p>Blood leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for exposed unvaccinated animals after a rabies exposure?

    <p>Euthanasia for tissue examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical sign of feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Mild diarrhea lasting 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT effective in detecting rabies virus in saliva?

    <p>Serum analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For rabies prevention in humans, which vaccination method is highlighted for those at high risk?

    <p>Human diploid cell vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for rabies before clinical signs appear?

    <p>2 to 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach should be taken if observing a healthy dog or cat that bites a human?

    <p>Confinement and observation for 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animals are considered reservoirs for rabies?

    <p>Skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supportive treatment measures are suggested for feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Fluid therapy and diet restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method provides definitive evidence of parvovirus infection?

    <p>Demonstration of virus excretion in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a need for castration in dogs based on microscopic agglutination titer results?

    <p>High single titer of 1:800</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical abnormality is typically observed in a Complete Blood Count (CBC) of dogs with parvovirus?

    <p>Severe leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding brucellosis screening in breeding animals is accurate?

    <p>All breeding animals should be screened before each breeding for females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of leptospirosis treatment despite its effectiveness?

    <p>Chronic renal failure as a complication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is recommended if a dog is experiencing seizures due to parvovirus infection?

    <p>Dexamethasone for CNS edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant finding on radiography for dogs suspected of having parvovirus?

    <p>Gas and fluid distention of the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to identify Leptospira organisms in urine samples?

    <p>Dark-field microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of parvovirus, what type of body fluid analysis is not particularly helpful for diagnosis?

    <p>Immunoglobulin G levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is significant in the transmission of feline bartonellosis?

    <p>Flea bites as the primary vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the prognosis of parvovirus in young puppies is accurate?

    <p>There is a high mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is false regarding the clinical signs of feline bartonellosis in cats?

    <p>Clinical signs are often severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach following treatment for acute renal failure due to leptospirosis?

    <p>Long-term doxycycline treatment to prevent renal carrier state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of intestinal blood loss in dogs with parvovirus?

    <p>Development of dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates that a dog's body may be responding to severe dehydration from parvovirus infection?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the treatment of leptospirosis is correct?

    <p>Amoxicillin is used in the initial phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of administering the measles vaccine to young puppies?

    <p>It can offer some partial protection between 4 and 12 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should puppies receive their first vaccination?

    <p>Starting at 6 weeks and every 3 weeks until 12 to 14 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case should hetastarch be considered as a treatment option?

    <p>When balanced crystalloid solutions are not effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about canine parvovirus (CPV-2)?

    <p>It is a nonenveloped single-stranded DNA virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended dietary guideline for puppies affected by intestinal viruses?

    <p>Give nothing orally for the first 12 to 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to nephrotoxicity during treatment of severe cases?

    <p>Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What added component can be crucial for monitoring during IV fluid therapy to prevent hypokalemia?

    <p>Potassium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a seldom-seen complication of the modified live vaccine (MLV) for distemper?

    <p>Postvaccinal encephalitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended observation period for a healthy dog or cat that bites a human?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs are associated with feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Mild diarrhea for 4 to 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for a feline astrovirus infection?

    <p>Supportive measures including fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if an unvaccinated exposed animal shows signs suggestive of rabies?

    <p>Euthanasia and testing of the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reservoirs is commonly associated with rabies transmission?

    <p>Bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is the primary method for the prevention of rabies in humans at high risk?

    <p>Immunization with human diploid cell vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the pathogenesis of rabies, how does the virus primarily reach the central nervous system?

    <p>Along peripheral nerves from the bite wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main diagnostic method used to detect feline astrovirus?

    <p>Fecal detection by EM or PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of good husbandry practices in the prevention of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

    <p>To minimize the likelihood of exposure to feline coronavirus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with the use of cytotoxic alkylating agents in neonates?

    <p>Permanent ocular damage from panophthalmitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the infectious disease caused by Chlamydia felis?

    <p>Chronic conjunctivitis is a common manifestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor in deciding whether to breed a cat that has previously produced FIP-affected kittens?

    <p>Presence of genetic susceptibility in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is a recommended practice for managing kittens concerning feline infectious peritonitis?

    <p>Isolate kittens from all other cats until they are at least 4 months old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of feline calicivirus (FCV)?

    <p>Oral ulcers and conjunctivitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is the acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome associated with FCV observed?

    <p>In kittens when exposed to high stress environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Bordetella bronchiseptica is accurate?

    <p>Infections are often mild and self-limiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely implication if total fluid protein is greater than 3.5 g/dL with more than 50% globulins in fluid analysis?

    <p>It signifies the likelihood of FIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid is noted in cases of FIP?

    <p>High protein concentration and elevated nucleated cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may contribute to an increased probability of FCoV mutation?

    <p>Presence of corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that cats with FIP are shedding the nonmutated form of FCoV?

    <p>Clinical signs are present upon shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can carriers of FCoV shed the virus in their feces post-infection?

    <p>Up to 10 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fluid analysis of FIP, which cellular characteristics are commonly observed?

    <p>Pyogranulomatous exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive but low FCoV antibody titer indicate in cats?

    <p>FIP is possible given clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method serves to confirm the presence of thoracic and abdominal effusions?

    <p>Radiological imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the clinical illness caused by Rocky Mountain spotted fever after a tick bite?

    <p>Acute symptoms lasting 1 to 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breeds are commonly associated with higher susceptibility to canine viral papillomatosis?

    <p>German Shepherds and Doberman Pinschers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions may accompany the neurological dysfunction seen in some puppies?

    <p>Necrotizing lesions due to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in lab results for patients infected with Rickettsia rickettsiae?

    <p>Nonregenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame during which most infections with Rickettsia occur?

    <p>March through October</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease transmission method for canine viral papillomatosis?

    <p>Direct contact with infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise after a Rickettsia rickettsiae infection, especially in severe cases?

    <p>Polyclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Rocky Mountain spotted fever after a tick bite?

    <p>A few days to a few weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dog breeds are most susceptible to blastomycosis due to increased exposure opportunities?

    <p>Young large-breed sporting and hound breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is primarily observed in cases of blastomycosis?

    <p>Pulmonary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most likely to indicate disseminated infection in a dog suspected of having blastomycosis?

    <p>Progressive weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is common in hematology for dogs infected with blastomycosis?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of infection can occur through direct contact with the organism associated with blastomycosis?

    <p>Focal skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems can be affected by disseminated blastomycosis aside from the respiratory system?

    <p>Bone marrow, liver, and lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal symptoms might indicate an intestinal infection due to blastomycosis?

    <p>Diarrhea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common finding in blastomycosis patients during diagnostic evaluation?

    <p>Pancytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)?

    <p>Saliva via bite wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication may result from the use of cytotoxic alkylating agents in neonates?

    <p>Permanent ocular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic assay is regarded as the most reliable for confirming feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)?

    <p>Western blot test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention measure is considered appropriate to reduce the risk of FIP in cats?

    <p>Isolating kittens from their mother by 4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subgroup of FIV is more commonly found in the eastern United States?

    <p>Subtype B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically associated with Calicivirus?

    <p>Chronic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most at risk for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection?

    <p>Cats 6 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known consequence of feline calicivirus (FCV) infections?

    <p>Viral shedding from fecal matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of antiviral therapy with AZT for FIV?

    <p>Myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the effectiveness of the available FCV vaccine is true?

    <p>It does not offer reliable protection against severe strains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection?

    <p>Anterior uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the FIV virus?

    <p>Retrovirus with an RNA genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feline infection is associated with Chlamydia felis?

    <p>Chronic conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prevalence of FIV is correct?

    <p>Stray cats show higher prevalence of FIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor related to FCoV concerning its transmission?

    <p>Genetic disposition of cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is a red flag for an acute infected cat suffering from FCV?

    <p>Ulcerative dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of a positive antibody titer against Neorickettsia risticii?

    <p>Suggests active infection with potential for clinical signs to appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is least likely to be associated with Neorickettsiosis in infected animals?

    <p>Chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector for Neorickettsiosis (Potomac horse fever)?

    <p>Flukes with snails as intermediate hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chronic clinical signs of salmon poisoning disease is accurate?

    <p>Protein-losing glomerulopathy is commonly present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protective measure to reduce the risk of Neorickettsiosis transmission?

    <p>Elimination of snails and standing water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeframe for symptom development following exposure to Neorickettsia risticii?

    <p>2 to 5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is NOT typically observed in patients affected by Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Acute kidney injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of the management for dogs infected with Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Treatment with doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of breeds is noted for increased susceptibility to parvoviral infection?

    <p>Rottweilers, Doberman pinschers, and German shepherd dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the clinical signs appearing 4 to 7 days after exposure?

    <p>It indicates the typical incubation period for viral infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is NOT typically associated with parvoviral infection?

    <p>Nasal discharge and cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What CNS signs might indicate a viral infection in dogs?

    <p>Encephalitis, seizures, and abnormal reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition results from sudden vomiting and diarrhea leading to potential severe dehydration?

    <p>Parvoviral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term consequence of an unaddressed parvoviral infection in young dogs?

    <p>Enamel hypoplasia of the teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease could demonstrate multisystemic clinical signs in young dogs?

    <p>Canine distemper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the effect of immune response on the spread of viral infections is correct?

    <p>Poor immune responses can lead to widespread dissemination and increased mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of infection for dogs infected with Nanophyetus salmincola?

    <p>Ingestion of infected raw salmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is least likely to be associated with infection by Nanophyetus salmincola?

    <p>Increased energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the C6 antibody test for Borrelia is correct?

    <p>It distinguishes between natural infection and vaccination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of the incubation period for Nanophyetus salmincola infection in dogs?

    <p>5 to 21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a common consequence of a Nanophyetus salmincola infection?

    <p>Acute kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about serologic tests for Borrelia is accurate?

    <p>IgG and IgM titers are not useful for diagnosing borreliosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of praziquantel in the treatment of infections caused by Nanophyetus salmincola?

    <p>It eliminates flukes from the dog's system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misinterpretation regarding antibody titers in relation to borreliosis?

    <p>Positive titers are always indicative of current infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is most likely associated with infection during the first few weeks of life?

    <p>Cerebellar hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective preventive measure for susceptible adult cats?

    <p>Isolation from other pets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vaccination timing is correct?

    <p>Maternal antibodies can hinder vaccination effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in the diagnosis of unvaccinated kittens with infection?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach is recommended for managing infection in young kittens?

    <p>Supportive care with intensive fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is associated with the development of severe symptoms like shock or DIC?

    <p>Poor prognosis if hypothermia develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical sign that suggests a severe form of infection in young animals?

    <p>Nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical feature differentiates definitive diagnosis methods for infections?

    <p>Fecal PCR or virus isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is most consistent for confirming canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Alanine amino transferase elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical initial clinical sign of poxvirus infection in cats?

    <p>Viremia with systemic signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cowpox virus is accurate?

    <p>It can be transmitted to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of dogs infected with canine herpesvirus?

    <p>Infected dogs become lifelong carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is recommended for dogs suffering from liver failure due to canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Supportive treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical outcome of untreated canine acidophil cell hepatitis?

    <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known to cause neurologic disease in dogs and cats, especially in specific regions?

    <p>Bornavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily communicated from birds to humans and other animals by mosquitoes?

    <p>West Nile virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a current infection in terms of microscopic agglutination titer?

    <p>A four-fold increase in paired serum samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for screening breeding animals for brucellosis?

    <p>To eliminate brucellosis-positive dogs from breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding feline bartonellosis?

    <p>Cats younger than 1 year are most commonly infected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How effective is treatment in cases of leptospirosis?

    <p>75% to 90% of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about combined immunoglobulin titers is correct?

    <p>They can distinguish natural infection from prior infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of leptospiral infection when untreated?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serovars is included in the multivalent vaccine for leptospirosis?

    <p>L.canicola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the identification of Leptospira organisms?

    <p>Dark-field microscopy of fresh urine is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is primarily recommended for severe cases of disease caused by bacteria, according to the content provided?

    <p>Aminoglycosides and a penicillin derivative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is commonly used for diagnosing septicemic plague?

    <p>Finding gram-negative cocci in lymph node exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for bartenellosis, as indicated in the content?

    <p>Owning dogs that are used as blood donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines mycobacteria as described in the content?

    <p>They are acid-fast, gram-positive bacilli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is most commonly associated with M.bovis infection transmission?

    <p>Cats through unpasteurized milk or raw meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region in the United States has the highest prevalence of histoplasmosis?

    <p>The Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri River regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is noted for chronic disease caused by specific bacteria?

    <p>A combination of fluoroquinolone and amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key method for preventing bartenellosis incidents?

    <p>Reducing exposure to ticks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed types are most susceptible to blastomycosis due to increased exposure opportunities?

    <p>Large-breed sporting breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is most commonly observed in patients with blastomycosis?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic nonregenerative anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is present in 85% of blastomycosis cases?

    <p>Pulmonary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is least likely to be involved in disseminated infection from blastomycosis?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of infection transmission for blastomycosis?

    <p>Inhalation of spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is critical for assessing blastomycosis infection severity?

    <p>Hematology and serum chemistries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common clinical sign is associated with intestinal infections related to blastomycosis?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is least commonly affected by disseminated blastomycosis infection?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action when a suspected case of rabies is identified?

    <p>Quarantine or euthanize the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should rabies titers not be used for vaccination assessment in animals?

    <p>They may not correlate with actual protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the prevention of rabies in wild animals?

    <p>There are no vaccines licensed for wild animals or hybrids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is most likely to develop as a persistent result of ICH?

    <p>Chronic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccines are available to prevent rabies in dogs and cats?

    <p>Inactivated and recombinant vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is susceptible to Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?

    <p>Foxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is treatment deemed unnecessary for oral nodules?

    <p>Oral papillomatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using intranasal modified live-virus vaccines for FHV and FCV?

    <p>They avoid injection site complications related to adjuvants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In shelters, vaccinated and isolated cats should be maintained in which manner during the first three weeks?

    <p>Disinfected and kept away from new arrivals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the immunity duration for Bordetella after vaccination?

    <p>Immunity lasts for 6 months or less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common possible outcome of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon therapy in cats?

    <p>Recurrent anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the approach to managing canine infectious tracheobronchitis in high-risk environments?

    <p>High-risk animals should be isolated and vaccinated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding vaccination in cats is true?

    <p>Outdoor cats should be vaccinated to prevent exposure to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)?

    <p>Aerosolized droplets from respiratory secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic infection is most likely to affect the oral cavity of cats?

    <p>Feline calicivirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does L-lysine therapy play in the management of feline herpesvirus (FHV)?

    <p>It inhibits the replication of FHV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise at the site of vaccination in cats?

    <p>Localized swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precaution is recommended for immunocompromised humans in relation to Bordetella bronchiseptica?

    <p>Wear protective gear around unvaccinated animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of FIV-infected cats?

    <p>Increased likelihood of developing B-cell lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should antibiotics be used in the context of managing secondary infections in respiratory disease outbreaks in dogs?

    <p>Employ broad-spectrum antibiotics as needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a reason to vaccinate cats living outdoors?

    <p>Less susceptibility to chronic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is NOT commonly associated with chronic infections in cats?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly seen in the chronic phase of Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Spontaneous bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of chronic infections in the respiratory tract of cats?

    <p>Persistent cough and discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Flukes using snails as an intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic clinical sign of Salmon poisoning disease?

    <p>Uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of chronic infection with Neorickettsia risticii in dogs?

    <p>Subclinical infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic differential sign of polyarthropathy associated with Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Shifting-leg lameness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is primarily utilized to confirm Salmon poisoning disease?

    <p>Serological testing for antibodies against Neorickettsia helminthoeca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of renal failure related to Borrelia infections?

    <p>Protein-losing glomerulopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most effective in preventing the transmission of Neorickettsiosis?

    <p>Minimizing exposure to standing water and snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when treating dehydration in a patient with vomiting?

    <p>Use of anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the prognosis of young puppies with acute enteritis?

    <p>If they survive the first few days, most recover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious agents can cause serious complications in young animals affected by feline panleukopenia virus?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be used to control gastric acid secretion during treatment?

    <p>Ranitidine or famotidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of supportive therapy for feline panleukopenia treatment?

    <p>Fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial requirement for the immune systems of neonates at risk for infections?

    <p>Receiving colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the presence of the feline panleukopenia virus in the environment indicate?

    <p>Potential survival and transmission for over a year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is generally not required for mild enteritis cases as long as fluid therapy is maintained?

    <p>Antidiarrheals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

    • FeLV is a retrovirus that affects cats and can cause a variety of health problems.
    • It is spread through saliva, nasal secretions, and milk.
    • FeLV is a serious disease that can weaken the immune system making cats more susceptible to other infections.
    • Clinical signs include anemia, lethargy, fever, weight loss, and respiratory problems.
    • FeLV infection can be diagnosed through a blood test.
    • Treatment often involves supportive care and managing secondary infections.

    Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

    • FIV is a lentivirus that attacks the immune system of cats.
    • It is spread mainly through bites during aggressive interactions between cats.
    • FIV is also known as feline AIDS.
    • The FeLV virus can live in the environment for long periods of time, making it difficult to prevent transmission.
    • Older, outdoor cats with multiple interactions with other cats are more likely to become infected with FIV.
    • Clinical signs include a compromised immune system, development of opportunistic infections, and a decreased white blood cell count.
    • FIV is often managed by treating the secondary infections.

    Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

    • FVR is a highly contagious virus that affects cats and causes respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, and eye discharge.
    • FVR is caused by the feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1).
    • It is typically spread through nasal secretions and saliva, especially during stressful situations.
    • It can cause mild to severe illness, including upper respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia.
    • FVR is often treated with supportive measures, like fluids and antibiotics to manage secondary infections.

    Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

    • FCV is a highly contagious virus that causes respiratory problems, oral ulcers, and lameness in cats.
    • FCV is spread through direct contact with infected cats, and through contaminated surfaces.
    • Cats infected with FCV show clinical signs including oral ulcers, stomatitis, fever, and lethargy, but some cats show few or no symptoms.
    • There is no cure for FCV, but supportive care and treatment are available to manage symptoms and secondary infections.

    Feline Panleukopenia (FPV)

    • FPV is also known as feline distemper and is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cats, particularly kittens.
    • The disease typically begins within 3 - 14 days after exposure, with symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and loss of appetite.
    • FPV often results in a decreased white blood cell count, meaning cats are more susceptible to secondary infections.
    • FPV is caused by the parvovirus and is spread through direct contact with infected cats.
    • Vaccines are available to protect cats from FPV.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP is a fatal viral disease of cats caused by the feline coronavirus..
    • FIP is caused by a mutation of the coronavirus that affects the body's macrophages.
    • FIP can be spread through direct contact with infected cats, with a high risk of transmission from infected mothers to kittens.
    • It can result in a buildup of fluid in the abdomen or chest cavity, fever, weight loss, lethargy, and neurological signs.
    • There is no cure for FIP, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care.

    Rabies

    • Rabies is a lethal viral disease that affects both animals and humans.
    • Wild animals, such as skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes are commonly associated with rabies outbreaks.
    • Rabies is spread through bites or scratches from infected animals.
    • Clinical signs include aggression, restlessness, paralysis, and encephalitis.
    • Prevention is crucial as there is no treatment for rabies and once clinical signs develop, the infection is typically fatal.

    Cryptococcosis

    • Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection affecting cats, dogs, and humans.
    • It is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans which is commonly found in the environment, especially in bird droppings.
    • It is usually acquired through inhalation of fungal spores.
    • Cats with cryptococcosis often show signs of lethargy, respiratory distress, neurological dysfunction, and lesions on the skin.
    • Diagnosis is typically made through examining cerebrospinal fluid, tissue samples, or other body fluids.
    • Treatment using antifungal agents such as itraconazole or fluconazole is typically successful.

    Blastomycosis

    • Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis which is commonly found in moist soil, especially near water sources.
    • It is spread through inhalation of fungal spores.
    • Dogs are more susceptible to blastomycosis than cats.
    • Clinical signs of blastomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, affecting lungs, skin, or other body organs.
    • Diagnosis is usually made through examining tissue samples or body fluids.
    • Treatment involves long-term antifungal therapy, but it may be difficult to eradicate the infection completely.

    Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

    • FeLV is a retrovirus that infects cats and can cause a variety of health problems.
    • Transmission:
      • Direct contact: grooming, bite wounds, sharing food and water bowls.
      • Transplacental: from mother to kittens during pregnancy.
      • Milk-borne: infected queens can shed the virus in their milk.
    • Pathogenesis:
      • The virus replicates in lymphoid tissue throughout the body.
      • It infects bone marrow, leading to infected leukocytes and platelets.
      • It can infect glandular cells, allowing for shedding of the virus in body secretions.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • May range from mild to severe depending on the immune response.
      • Common signs include:
        • Fever, weight loss, lethargy, anemia, and respiratory infections.
        • Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and secondary infections.
        • Lymphadenopathy, especially in young cats.
        • Immune-mediated disorders such as immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.
        • Reproductive failure in infected queens.
    • Diagnosis:
      • ELISA tests: detect FeLV antigen in the blood.
      • IFA testing: detect infected leukocytes and platelets in blood.
      • Chemistry profiles: reveal abnormalities based on affected organs.
      • Radiology: confirm thoracic and abdominal effusions.
      • Fluid analysis:
        • High total fluid protein with more than 50% globulins suggests FIP.
        • Low nucleated cell count and pyogranulomatous exudate in FIP fluid.
        • Stringy or sticky fluid that clots when refrigerated.
      • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: reveals high protein concentration and elevated nucleated cell count.
      • FCoV antibody titers in serum or effusions:
        • Positive but low titer: FIP is possible, but clinically confirmed.
        • Positive and high titer: FIP is probable if clinical signs are present.
        • Negative titer: FIP is unlikely.
    • Prevention:
      • Vaccination: reduce risk of infection.
      • Test all cats before vaccination and introducing them to new environments.
      • Isolate infected cats to prevent further spread.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP is a fatal disease caused by a mutated form of the feline coronavirus (FCoV).
    • Mutated FCoV is more likely to occur in cats undergoing stress, concurrent disease, corticosteroid therapy, immunosuppression or surgery.
    • Transmission:
      • Oronasal contact with infected feces: FCoV can survive for up to 7 weeks in dry feces.
      • Contaminated articles: dishes, shoes, and clothing can act as fomites.
      • Carriers can shed the virus in feces for up to 10 months.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Variable incubation period: a few weeks to several years.
      • Most common signs:
        • Fever, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and abdominal distension.
        • Effusions in the chest, abdomen, or other body cavities.
        • Neurological signs such as seizures or paralysis.
        • Eye lesions such as uveitis or retinal detachment.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Clinical signs.
      • Fluid analysis: high total protein, low nucleated cell count, pyogranulomatous exudate, and stringy or sticky fluid.
      • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: high protein concentration and elevated nucleated cell count.
      • FCoV antibody titers: high titers suggest FIP, but clinical confirmation is crucial.
    • Treatment:
      • No cure for FIP.
      • Supportive care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
    • Prevention:
      • Minimize stress and exposure to FCoV.
      • Vaccination can help to reduce the risk of FIP.

    Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

    • CDV is a highly contagious virus that affects dogs, and is fatal in unvaccinated animals.
    • Transmission:
      • Primarily through inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions.
      • Also shed in all secretions and excretions, including feces, urine, and saliva.
      • Virus can survive for up to 1-2 weeks after recovery.
      • Does not survive for more than a few days in the environment and is easily killed by disinfectants.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Acute onset of loud, hacking cough, with increased mucus production.
      • Serous naso-ocular discharge.
      • Fever, lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting.
      • Pneumonia may develop.
      • Neurological signs such as seizures, paralysis, and tremors.
      • Conjunctivitis.
      • Diarrhea.
    • Pathogenesis:
      • After infecting the upper respiratory tract, CDV spreads to lymphoid tissues and causes severe immunosuppression.
      • Viremia occurs and the virus spreads to epithelial tissues and the CNS, leading to neurological complications.
      • Outcome depends on the immune response.
        • Strong immune response: elimination of CDV and complete recovery.
        • Partial immune response: mild signs and recovery.
    • Diagnosis:
      • History and clinical signs.
      • CBC: may reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift if pneumonia is present.
      • Thoracic radiography: may identify pneumonia.
      • Bordetella or Mycoplasma spp. may be found on culture.
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: fluid therapy, antibiotics, and antiemetics.
    • Prevention:
      • Vaccination is highly effective.
      • Vaccinate puppies with MLV CPV-2 vaccines every 3-4 weeks until 14 weeks of age.
      • Booster 1 year later, then every 3 years.
      • Keep puppies isolated from other dogs and potentially infected areas until fully vaccinated.
      • Use killed vaccine to vaccinate pregnant dogs or puppies under 5 weeks old.

    Canine Coronavirus (CCoV)

    • CCoV is a virus that affects dogs and can cause mild to severe gastrointestinal illness.
    • Transmission:
      • Fecal-oral route: infected dogs shed the virus in their feces.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Young puppies and dogs with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe illness.
      • Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia.
      • In susceptible adult dogs, infections are usually subclinical.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Clinical signs.
      • Fecal examination by EM, PCR, or ELISA.
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: fluid therapy and dietary restriction.
    • Prevention:
      • Vaccination is highly effective.
      • Vaccination is recommended for puppies and dogs at high risk for infection, such as those in kennels or shelters.

    Feline Astrovirus

    • Feline astrovirus is a virus that infects cats and can cause mild diarrhea.
    • Transmission:
      • Fecal-oral route: infected cats shed the virus in their feces.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Mild diarrhea lasting 4-14 days.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Fecal examination by EM or PCR.
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: fluid therapy and dietary restriction.

    Rabies

    • Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system.
    • Transmission:
      • Bite wounds from an infected animal.
      • The virus travels from the bite wound to the CNS.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Incubation period: 2-8 weeks after exposure.
      • Behavioral changes, such as aggression, excessive salivation, paralysis, and seizures.
    • Pathogenesis:
      • Rabies virus enters through a bite wound and travels along the nervous system to the CNS.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Clinical signs.
      • Laboratory testing: confirmation through testing of brain tissue.
    • Treatment:
      • No cure for rabies.
      • Post exposure prophylaxis: vaccine and antirabies immunoglobulin.
    • Prevention:
      • Vaccination: highly effective for animals.
    • Prevention in Humans:
      • Preexposure prophylaxis for high-risk individuals: human diploid cell vaccine.
      • Post-exposure prophylaxis: vaccine and human rabies immunoglobulin.
      • If bitten by an animal:
        • Healthy dog or cat: confine and observe for 10 days.
        • Wild animal or unknown vaccination status: euthanasia and testing.
        • Isolation for 6 months if euthanasia is not an option.

    Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

    • FIV is a lentivirus that infects cats, causing a weakened immune system.
    • FIV is spread through saliva, usually by bite wounds.
    • FIV is a retrovirus.
    • FIV can be diagnosed by blood tests.
    • Common clinical signs include: gingivitis, stomatitis, lethargy, weight loss, fever, swollen lymph nodes, pneumonia, and neurological disorders, which can include dementia, circling, gait abnormalities, and abnormal reflexes.
    • An infected cat can live several years before exhibiting clinical signs.
    • Supportive therapy for infected cats includes antibiotics, fluid therapy, and nutritional support.
    • Metronidazole and clindamycin can be used to treat stomatitis.
    • FIV-positive cats can live several years before exhibiting clinical signs.
    • Controlling FIV involves preventing exposure to other infected cats.
    • A killed vaccine is available for FIV, but its effectiveness is unknown.
    • FIV vaccination is not recommended as a core vaccine.
    • FIV is not transmissible to humans.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP is caused by a mutated feline coronavirus, FCoV.
    • FCoV is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Coronaviridae family.
    • FCoV can cause a mild, self-limiting infection in cats.
    • FIP is a fatal, immune-mediated disease that can occur in two forms:
      • Dry form: characterized by granulomas in various internal organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidneys.
      • Wet form: characterized by fluid accumulation in the abdominal or thoracic cavities.
    • Diagnosis of FIP is difficult, and it is often suspected based on clinical signs and laboratory tests.
    • Treat with supportive measures (fluid therapy, diet restriction).
    • There is no known cure for FIP.
    • Prevention of FIP includes vaccination against FCoV and CPIV.
    • D-lysine therapy may reduce the replication of FHV.
    • Bordetella vaccination (killed vaccine) may also be considered.
    • Intranasal (modified live-virus vaccine [MLV]) vaccines provide better protection.
    • Immunity for Bordetella lasts for 6 months or less.
    • Vaccination is not 100% effective.
    • FIP is not transmissible to humans.

    Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)

    • Kennel cough is caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria.
    • The most frequent causes are canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica.
    • Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical signs: coughing, sneezing, and sometimes, a runny nose.
    • Treat with supportive measures (fluid therapy, diet restriction).
    • Kennel cough is highly contagious.
    • Preventative measures include vaccination and isolating new dogs for 3 weeks.
    • Kennel cough is not transmissible to humans.

    Rabies

    • Rabies is caused by a virus of the Rhabdoviridae family.
    • Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
    • Wild animals such as skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes are reservoirs for the virus.
    • Rabies is transmitted through saliva, usually by a bite wound.
    • The incubation period for rabies can range from 2 to 8 weeks or longer depending on the location of the wound.
    • Rabies is fatal in both humans and animals.
    • Early symptoms of rabies can be nonspecific and include fever, headache, and lethargy.
    • Preventative measures include vaccination, especially for people at high risk.
    • If a dog or cat bites a human, it should be confined, isolated, and observed for 10 days.
    • If a wild animal bites a human, euthanasia and testing are required.
    • If the exposed animal is unvaccinated, euthanasia is recommended.
    • If euthanasia is not allowed, isolation is required for 6 months.
    • Any signs of illness suggestive of rabies must be reported.

    Systemic Bacterial Infectious Disease

    Leptospirosis

    • Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira.
    • Leptospira are spirochetes that can infect various animals, including dogs, cats, and humans.
    • Leptospira is a zoonotic disease, meaning that it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
    • Transmission occurs through contact with contaminated urine or water.
    • Leptospira organisms can infect the kidneys, liver, and other organs.
    • Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Treatment includes antibiotics and supportive care.
    • Preventative measures include vaccination and rodent control.

    Brucellosis

    • Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella.
    • Brucella canis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that primarily infects dogs.
    • Transmission occurs through contact with infected urine, semen, vaginal discharge, or aborted fetal tissue.
    • The incubation period is usually 1 to 4 weeks.
    • Clinical signs often include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and reproductive failure.
    • Brucellosis can be diagnosed through blood tests, and treatment includes antibiotics.
    • Preventative measures include reducing exposure to infected animals.

    Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

    • FeLV is an RNA retrovirus that infects cats.
    • Young kittens (under 4 months) are most susceptible.
    • FeLV is most commonly transmitted through saliva, but can also be transmitted through milk or transplacentally.
    • FeLV can cause immunosuppression, lymphoma, anemia, and other secondary infections.
    • FeLV can be diagnosed with blood tests, including ELISA and IFA tests.
    • There is a vaccine available for FeLV.
    • FeLV can be fatal.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP is caused by a mutated form of feline coronavirus (FCoV).
    • FCoV is a common virus in cats, but only a small percentage of cats develop FIP.
    • FIP is typically seen in young cats (6 months to 3 years).
    • FIP can cause inflammation and necrosis in multiple organs.
    • Common clinical signs of FIP include weight loss, fever, and lethargy.
    • There is no cure for FIP, but supportive treatment can improve quality of life.

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

    • CPV is a highly contagious virus that affects dogs.
    • CPV is shed in feces and can survive in the environment for a long time.
    • CPV primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and immune system.
    • Common clinical signs of CPV include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and fever.
    • CPV can be fatal, especially in young puppies.
    • There is a vaccine available for CPV.

    Rabies

    • Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system.
    • Rabies is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, typically through a bite.
    • Common reservoir animals for rabies include skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes.
    • Rabies can cause neurological symptoms such as aggression, paralysis, and seizures.
    • There is no cure for rabies, but post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent development of the disease.
    • Prevention of rabies in humans is critical, as clinical cases are fatal.

    Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

    • Infected queens can shed the virus in their milk.
    • Exposure typically occurs through direct contact like grooming, bite wounds, and sharing food/water bowls.
    • FeLV can be transmitted transplacentally.
    • FeLV survives in the environment for a maximum of 48 hours and is easily destroyed by disinfectants.

    Pathogenesis of FeLV

    • After entry, FeLV replicates in lymphoid tissue throughout the body.
    • If the immune response is effective, the infection may be eliminated.
    • FeLV infects bone marrow, leading to the circulation of infected leukocytes and platelets.
    • FeLV infects glandular cells, and the virus is shed in body secretions.

    Clinical Signs of FeLV

    • FeLV-related neutropenia or thrombocytopenia could occur.
    • Secondary infections are common and may include viral, fungal, protozoal, Mycoplasma, and bacterial causes.
    • Peripheral lymph node hyperplasia can be seen, especially in young adult cats.
    • Immune-mediated disorders such as immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-complex glomerulonephritis, polyarthritis, pemphigus, and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome may occur.
    • Infected queens may have reproductive failure. This includes infertility, fetal resorption, abortion, stillbirth, fading kitten syndrome, and milk-borne transmission.

    Diagnosis of FeLV

    • Test all cats before vaccination and before bringing a new cat into the house or cattery.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP occurs when the enterotropic FCoV mutates, allowing it to infect and replicate in macrophages.
    • Macrophages carry the mutated virus to peritoneum, pleura, kidney, uvea, and the nervous system.
    • The immune reaction to the virus causes disease.

    Epidemiology of FIP

    • Seroprevalence for FCoV is high, but few cats develop FIP.
    • Prevalence is highest in catteries and shelters.
    • Young cats (6 months to 3 years) are at increased risk of FIP.
    • Cats in catteries, shelters, or multiple cat households are at higher risk of FIP.
    • Anything that causes increased replication of FCoV, such as CAV-2, herpesvirus, reovirus, and mycoplasmas, may play a role.

    Clinical Signs of FIP

    • Effusive FIP is characterized by accumulation of fluid in the body cavities, especially the abdomen.
    • Noneffusive (dry) FIP is characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation and necrotizing vasculitis in multiple organs.
    • Affected organs include the kidney, liver, spleen, visceral lymph nodes, uvea, retina, brain, lungs, and testicles.
    • Meningoencephalitis and myelitis are common, leading to ataxia, tremors, vestibular dysfunction, seizures, paresis, and behavioral changes.
    • Hydrocephalus can occur.

    Diagnosis of FIP

    • Hematology and serum chemistries: Total serum protein and globulins are increased in most cases. Albumin is commonly decreased, leading to a decreased serum albumin:globulin ratio (<0.8), strongly suggesting FIP.

    Canine Distemper

    • Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease affecting dogs.
    • The virus is a morbillivirus, related to measles in humans and rinderpest in cattle.
    • Canids (dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals) are naturally susceptible. Other animals like raccoons, ferrets, skunks, lions, ocelots, bears, pandas, and hyenas can also be infected.

    Transmission of Canine Distemper

    • Primarily inhalation through respiratory secretions.
    • Virus shed in all secretions and excretions for up to 1 to 2 weeks after recovery.
    • Virus survives for a few days in the environment and is easily killed by disinfectants.

    Pathogenesis of Canine Distemper

    • Infection of the upper respiratory tract starts the process.
    • CDV spreads to lymphoid tissues, including liver, spleen, and GI tract, causing severe immunosuppression.
    • Viremia occurs, and CDV spreads to epithelial tissues and the central nervous system (CNS), influencing the outcome based on the immune response.

    Clinical Signs of Canine Distemper

    • Young puppies usually show high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia.
    • In susceptible adult dogs, infection is usually subclinical.
    • Infection in utero near the end of gestation or within the first few weeks of life can result in cerebellar hypoplasia, leading to ataxia and intention tremors.

    Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

    • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in an unvaccinated kitten.
    • Leukopenia can be profound and last for 2 to 4 days.
    • If leukopenia persists for more than 5 days or nonregenerative anemia is present, consider FeLV infection.
    • Definitive diagnosis requires fecal PCR or virus isolation.

    Treatment of Canine Distemper

    • Treatment is supportive (intensive fluid therapy, antibiotics, antiemetics, dietary restriction).

    Prognosis of Canine Distemper

    • Prognosis is poor if hypothermia, shock, jaundice, or DIC develops.

    Prevention of Canine Distemper

    • Vaccination is highly effective.
    • Maternal antibodies interfere with protection by vaccination, leading to a 2- to 4-week period during which puppies are susceptible to infection but refractory to vaccination.
    • Vaccinate puppies with MLV CPV-2 vaccines every 3 to 4 weeks until about 14 weeks of age.
    • Booster 1 year later, then every 3 years thereafter.
    • Killed vaccines can be used for pregnant dogs or puppies less than 5 weeks old.

    Canine Coronavirus

    • Transmission is fecal-oral.

    Clinical Signs of Canine Coronavirus

    • Usually subclinical in adult dogs.
    • Can cause vomiting and diarrhea in puppies.
    • Rarely causes a fatal enteric syndrome.

    Prevention of Canine Coronavirus

    • Vaccination is available for puppies.

    Feline Ehrlichia-like Diseases

    • Cats can be infected with Ehrlichia canis, Neorickettsia risticii, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
    • Tick vectors are likely for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma.

    Clinical Signs of Feline Ehrlichia-like Diseases

    • Fever, lethargy, anorexia, GI signs, weight loss, and polyarthritis.
    • Nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia may occur.

    Diagnosis of Feline Ehrlichia-like Diseases

    • Direct visualization of organisms in blood, serology, and PCR.
    • C6 antibody test can detect early infections.
    • Western blot assay offers similar information as the C6 antibody test but is more cumbersome and expensive.

    Treatment of Feline Ehrlichia-like Diseases

    • Doxycycline, tetracycline, or imidocarb have been used for treatment.

    Prevention of Feline Ehrlichia-like Diseases

    • Minimize tick exposure.

    Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)

    • Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted primarily by the deer tick (Ixodes spp.).
    • Ticks must attach to skin for at least 48 hours to transmit Borrelia.

    Clinical Signs of Borreliosis

    • Most dogs are asymptomatic.
    • Lameness, swelling, stiffness, and pain in the joints.
    • Early infections: Fever, lethargy, anorexia, and swollen lymph nodes.
    • Late infections: Kidney disease, neurological problems, and heart disease.

    Diagnosis of Borreliosis

    • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history, and blood tests.
    • C6 antibody test can be used for early detection.
    • Western blot assay can be used for confirmation.
    • PCR and culture can be used to identify organisms.
    • Skin biopsy from around the tick bite site can help with diagnosis.

    Treatment of Borreliosis

    • Doxycycline orally is the treatment of choice for dogs exhibiting clinical signs of borreliosis.
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can treat joint pain.

    Prevention of Borreliosis

    • Vaccinate dogs at high risk (hunting dogs, outdoor dogs) in tick-infested areas.
    • Use tick repellents and acaricides.
    • Remove ticks promptly.
    • Avoid tick-infested areas.

    Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

    • More commonly seen in cats with Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
    • Can be shed for up to 18 months
    • Direct immunofluorescence is the most useful diagnostic method
    • Virus isolation from swabs is the preferred method for confirming FCV

    Feline Herpesvirus (FHV)

    • Persistent conjunctivitis is common
    • PCR is sensitive for FHV determination

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD)

    • Bordetella, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma spp. can be identified by culture
    • Intranuclear inclusion bodies (FHV or Chlamydophila) may be seen in conjunctival scrapings or biopsies
    • Evaluate for underlying FIV or FeLV if there are recurring episodes or if signs persist longer than 2 weeks
    • Can be caused by Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV) and Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2)
    • Virus (CPIV, CAV-2) can be isolated from nasopharyngeal or tracheal swabs

    Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

    • Can be transmitted by direct contact, aerosols, contaminated fomites, urine and feces
    • Multisystemic disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems
    • Causes pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and neurological disorders
    • Vaccine is available and is a core vaccine for dogs

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

    • Causes severe gastroenteritis in puppies
    • Highly contagious and shed in feces
    • Can be diagnosed using ELISA
    • Vaccine is available and is a core vaccine for dogs

    Canine Coronavirus (CCV)

    • Causes acute enteritis in young puppies
    • Infection is subclinical in adult dogs
    • Diagnosis is confirmed through EM or PCR
    • Treatment is mainly supportive
    • There is no specific vaccine

    Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV)

    • Infects all felines including raccoons, ferrets, and minks
    • Shed in body secretions for 6 weeks
    • Resistant to inactivation but can be inactivated by dilute sodium hypochlorite
    • Can survive in the environment for over a year
    • Affects rapidly dividing cells: intestinal crypt epithelium, lymphoid tissue, hemopoietic tissue, and nervous system

    Feline Astrovirus

    • Transmission: Fecal-oral route
    • Causes mild diarrhoea for 4 to 14 days
    • Diagnosed using EM or PCR
    • Treatment is supportive

    Rabies

    • Caused by a rhabdovirus that attacks the nervous system
    • Shed in saliva
    • Common reservoir animals: skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes
    • Inactivated by most disinfectants

    Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis (CACH)

    • Transmissible and distinct from CAV-1 and CAV-2
    • Causes acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Diagnosed through liver biopsy and elevated liver enzymes
    • Treatment is supportive

    Canine Herpesvirus (CHV)

    • Dogs remain carriers for life after infection
    • Incubation period: 12 to 16 days
    • Invades lungs and spreads to the mononuclear phagocyte system
    • More prevalent in young animals (e.g. younger than 4 years old)
    • More common in sporting and hound breeds

    Canine Adenovirus (CAV)

    • Causes respiratory disease in dogs
    • CAV-1 vaccine not recommended due to potential complications
    • CAV-2 vaccination is very effective, recommended for all dogs
    • Diagnosis: serology, virus isolation, or histopathology

    Feline Poxvirus

    • Caused by cowpox virus
    • Seen only in Europe and Asia in cats
    • Infection usually occurs through exposure to rodents
    • After the primary lesion (bite wound), viraemia occurs with mild systemic signs
    • Small, numerous pox lesions develop (1 mm, 10 or more)
    • Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, and fluorescent antibody staining
    • No specific treatment

    West Nile Virus

    • A flavivirus in bird populations
    • Transmitted by mosquitoes to birds, humans, horses, dogs, and cats
    • Most dogs and cats show minimal clinical signs
    • Meningoencephalitis occurs in birds, humans, and horses

    Bornavirus

    • Can cause fatal neurologic disease in dogs and cats
    • Mostly seen in Europe and Japan
    • Organisms are usually within the cytoplasm of macrophages
    • Histopathology shows granulomatous inflammation
    • Growth on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar at room temperature

    Blastomycosis

    • Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis in the soil
    • Transmitted by inhalation of fungal spores, typically in soil
    • Causes lung infections which can spread to other organs
    • Treatment with itraconazole
    • Can be life-threatening

    Cryptococcosis

    • Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Found in soil and decaying wood
    • Transmission by inhalation
    • Can cause respiratory problems, neurological disease
    • Diagnosis: cytology, culture, PCR
    • Treatment: itraconazole, fluconazole

    Histoplasmosis

    • Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
    • Found in soil contaminated with bird and bat droppings
    • Transmission by inhalation of fungal spores
    • Causes respiratory problems, disseminated infection
    • Diagnosis: culture, serology, PCR
    • Treatment: itraconazole

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2)

    • Nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus
    • Transmitted fecal-orally
    • Virus survives for 5 to 7 months in the environment
    • Severe leukopenia (lymphopenia, granulocytopenia)
    • Decreased PCV due to intestinal blood loss or dehydration
    • Diagnosis:
      • Virus or viral antigen in feces
      • Radiography shows gas and fluid distention of the GI tract
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: IV fluids and antiemetics
      • Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial complications
    • Prognosis: High mortality rate in young puppies
    • Prevention: Vaccination starting at 6 weeks of age, booster every 3 years

    Canine Distemper

    • Caused by a paramyxovirus
    • Transmitted by airborne droplets or direct contact
    • Fever, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological signs
    • Diagnosis:
      • Cytological examination of nasal and conjunctival secretions
      • Antibodies to CDV in cerebrospinal fluid
      • Postmortem: Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons
    • Treatment: Supportive care, no antiviral treatment
    • Prognosis: Variable

    Canine Rabies

    • Caused by a rhabdovirus
    • Transmitted by saliva, usually through a bite wound
    • Fever, anorexia, lethargy, neurologic signs, vasculitis, petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages
    • Reservoir animals: skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, coyotes
    • Diagnosis:
      • PCR
      • Serology using ELISA test kit
      • Fluorescent antibody (IFA) test
    • Treatment: None effective
    • Prevention: Vaccination is crucial, booster every 3 years

    Canine Ehrlichiosis

    • Caused by Ehrlichia species (E. canis, E. ewingii, E. chaffeensis)
    • Transmitted by Ixodes ticks
    • Fever, lethargy, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, anemia
    • Diagnosis:
      • Microscopic agglutination titer
      • PCR
      • Intracellular Ehrlichia in blood leukocytes
    • Treatment: Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Minimize exposure to ticks

    Canine Anaplasmosis

    • Caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum
    • Transmitted by Ixodes ticks
    • Fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, lameness, neurologic signs
    • Diagnosis:
      • Microscopic agglutination titer
      • PCR
      • Intracellular Anaplasma in blood leukocytes
    • Treatment: Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Minimize exposure to ticks

    Canine Leptospirosis

    • Caused by Leptospira species
    • Transmitted through contact with contaminated urine
    • Fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, muscle pain, jaundice, and renal failure
    • Diagnosis:
      • Microscopic agglutination titer
      • PCR
      • Culture of urine
    • Treatment: Penicillin or amoxicillin followed by doxycycline
    • Prevention: Vaccination

    Canine Brucellosis

    • Caused by Brucella canis
    • Transmitted through contact with infected urine, semen, vaginal secretions, or milk
    • Fever, lethargy, weight loss, reproductive problems in both males and females
    • Diagnosis:
      • Blood culture
      • Serological test
    • Treatment: Antibiotics
    • Prevention:
      • Screen breeding animals
      • Remove positive dogs from breeding programs

    Feline Bartonellosis (Cat Scratch Disease)

    • Caused by Bartonella henselae
    • Transmitted by fleas or blood transfusions
    • Usually asymptomatic in cats
    • Occasionally causes fever, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, gingivitis
    • Diagnosis:
      • PCR
      • Serological test
    • Treatment: Antibiotics
    • Prevention: Flea control

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • Characteristics: caused by a mutated coronavirus (FCoV) that affects cats and leads to a fatal inflammatory disease.
    • Transmission: through oronasal contact with infected feces.
    • Survival of FCoV: can survive for 7 weeks in dried feces, making contaminated articles (dishes, shoes, clothing) potential fomites.
    • Shedding of virus: FCoV carriers can shed virus in feces for 10 months.
    • FCoV mutation: stress, concurrent disease, corticosteroids, immunosuppression, and surgery can increase the probability of virus mutation.
    • FIP susceptibility: most wild felids (lions, cougars, cheetahs, jaguars) are susceptible to FCoV and FIP. Cheetahs are particularly susceptible to FIP. Genetics may play a role in FIP susceptibility.
    • Clinical Signs: variable incubation period from a few weeks to several years. Onset is usually gradual.
    • Diagnosis: several diagnostic methods available.
      • Radiology: useful for confirming thoracic and abdominal effusions.
      • Fluid analysis:
        • If total fluid protein is greater than 3.5 g/dL with more than 50% globulins, FIP is likely.
        • FIP fluid usually has a low nucleated cell count.
        • Cellular analysis of FIP fluid shows a pyogranulomatous exudate.
        • Fluid may be stringy or sticky and may clot when refrigerated.
      • Cerebrospinal fluid: high protein concentration and an elevated nucleated cell count.
      • FCoV antibody titers:
        • Positive but low titer with clinical signs suggests FIP.
        • Positive and high titer with clinical signs suggests FIP.
        • Negative titer suggests FIP is unlikely.
        • Avoid rapid in-office ELISA tests that do not provide titer information.
    • Treatment: no cure available. Supportive measures (fluid therapy, diet restriction) provide comfort.
    • Prevention: a vaccine exists but is not effective and not recommended.
      • Control of exposure is key:
        • Use good husbandry practices, reduce stress, avoid overcrowding, clean litter daily, and disinfect feeding and water bowls.
        • Do not breed cats that have produced kittens with FIP due to possible genetic susceptibility.
        • Wean kittens and remove them from the mother by 5 to 6 weeks of age. Isolate from other cats until at least 4 months of age.
        • Any cat that tests positive for FCoV can shed virus in feces and has the potential for developing FIP.
    • Neonates: may develop panophthalmitis leading to permanent ocular damage.

    Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

    • Characteristics: common respiratory virus in cats.
    • Transmission: through respiratory secretions, saliva.
    • Symptoms:
      • Calicivirus consistently produces oral ulcers.
      • Nasal crusting and ulceration can occur.
      • Mild rhinitis and conjunctivitis are commonly seen.
      • Other signs include synovitis, fever, joint pain, enteritis, lower urinary tract disease.
      • Acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome may occur with high fever, respiratory signs, ulcerative dermatitis, pulmonary edema, abdominal effusion, hepatic necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), vomiting, diarrhea, epistaxis, or jaundice. Mortality is high.
      • FCV vaccines do not appear to protect against this strain.

    Feline Chlamydiosis (Chlamydia felis)

    • Causes: chronic conjunctivitis. Nasal discharge, sneezing, or pneumonia is uncommon.

    Feline Bordetella bronchiseptica

    • Possible outcome: may cause fatal bronchopneumonia but is usually mild.

    Feline Astrovirus

    • Transmission: fecal oral route.
    • Symptoms: mild diarrhea for 4 to 14 days.
    • Diagnosis: detected in feces by EM or PCR.
    • Treatment: supportive measures (fluids, diet restriction).

    Rabies

    • Characteristics: caused by a rhabdovirus that attacks the nervous system and is shed in saliva.
    • Reservoir animals: skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes.
    • Shedding: can shed rabies for a long time with no evidence of clinical signs. Inactivated by most disinfectants.
    • Pathogenesis: enters through a bite wound and travels along peripheral nerves to the CNS. Signs usually occur within 2 to 8 weeks.
    • Treatment: none available.
    • Prevention: vaccinate animals.
      • If exposed to rabies, vaccinate immediately and observe for 45 days for any illness suggestive of rabies.
      • If unvaccinated, euthanasia is recommended to examine tissues. If not allowed, isolation for 6 months is required.
      • If signs of rabies occur, euthanasia and testing are required.

    Human Prevention

    • Pre-exposure prevention: include immunization with human diploid cell vaccine for humans at high risk.
    • Animal bites:
      • If a healthy dog or cat bites a human (with possibility of contact with a rabid animal), confine, isolate, and observe the animal by the owner for 10 days. Report any signs of illness.
      • If a wild animal or dog or cat with unknown vaccination status bites a human, euthanasia is recommended.

    Canine Viral Papillomatosis

    • Cause: canine papillomavirus, typically affects young dogs.
    • Transmission: direct contact, incubation 1 to 2 months.
    • Symptoms: wart-like growths on oral mucosa, skin, and sometimes around the eyes.
    • Treatment: typically regress spontaneously within several months.
      • May require removal if interfering with eating or drinking.

    Rickettsiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, Neorickettsiosis

    Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsiae)

    • Cause: R. rickettsiae, most prevalent in the Southeast, Midwest, and Great Plains regions of the United States.
    • Transmission: by the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). Rodents are the reservoir.
    • Infection period: most infections occur in April through October (tick season).
    • Pathogenesis: once bitten by a tick, the organism invades vascular endothelial cells causing necrotizing vasculitis, edema, and damage of multiple organs.
    • Incubation period: a few days to a few weeks. Clinical illness lasts 1 to 2 weeks, high mortality rate.
    • Symptoms: acute, include fever, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lameness, and neurologic signs.
    • Diagnosis: serology using IFA is reliable, titers may not be detected until 2 to 4 weeks after infection. Antibody titer persists for 9 to 12 months, does not protect against reinfection.
    • Treatment: doxycycline is the treatment of choice.

    Canine Ehrlichiosis

    • Cause: Ehrlichia canis, spread by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus).
    • Symptoms: fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, lameness, and enlarged lymph nodes.
    • Diagnosis: serology using IFA, PCR tests are available to detect the organism in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: doxycycline is the treatment of choice.

    Canine Anaplasmosis

    Anaplasma phagocytophilum

    • Cause: spread by the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus)
    • Symptoms: fever, lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss. Neurologic signs may occur.
    • Diagnosis: serology using IFA, PCR tests are available to detect the organism in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: doxycycline is the treatment of choice.

    Anaplasma platys

    • Cause: spread by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
    • Symptoms: anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, lethargy, and anorexia.
    • Diagnosis: serology using IFA, PCR tests are available to detect the organism in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: doxycycline is the treatment of choice

    Neorickettsiosis

    Neorickettsia helminthoeca

    • Cause: spread by the intestinal roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) through its eggs in the feces.
    • Symptoms: fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and muscle pain.
    • Diagnosis: serology using IFA, PCR tests are available to detect the organism in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: doxycycline is the treatment of choice

    Canine Blastomycosis

    • Cause: Blastomyces dermatitidis, fungus found in the environment.
    • Prevalence: Great Lakes region, Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers.
    • Transmission: inhaled spores.
    • Symptoms: affects primarily dogs, young large-breed, sporting, and hound breeds are most commonly affected.
      • Pulmonary infection: most common, pyogranulomatous pneumonia, alveolar consolidation, solitary lung masses, pleural effusion.
      • Disseminated infection: common to lymph nodes, skin, eyes, and bone. Infection can also occur in CNS, male genitalia, oral or nasal cavities, and abdomen.
    • Diagnosis: hematology, serum chemistries, and cytology.
      • Hematology: may show nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, lymphocytosis, or plasmacytosis. Polyclonal gammopathy or protein-losing nephropathy may be present. Signs may resemble multiple myeloma.
    • Treatment: Itraconazole is the treatment of choice but can be expensive. Amphotericin B and fluconazole are additional options.

    Canine Leptospirosis

    • Characteristics: caused by a bacteria called Leptospira.
    • Transmission: through contact with the urine of an infected animal, standing water contaminated with urine, or contaminated soil.
    • Symptoms:
      • Acute phase: fever, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and stiff gait.
      • Kidney failure: possible complication characterized by jaundice, lethargy, and decreased urination.
      • Liver failure: possible complication, can cause jaundice and ascites .
      • Neurological complications: meningitis, encephalitis, and seizures.
    • Diagnosis: urine culture, blood tests for antibodies, and PCR tests.
    • Treatment: antibiotics, supportive care, and fluid therapy.
    • Prevention: vaccination is available to protect against common strains of Leptospira.

    Canine Brucellosis

    • Cause: Brucella canis, a bacterial infection.
    • Transmission: through contact with infected animals, usually through bodily fluids such as urine, milk, or semen.
    • Symptoms:
      • Reproductive issues: abortions, infertility, and testicular atrophy.
      • General Illness: fever, lethargy, anorexia, joint pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
      • Neurological Signs: possible in severe cases.
    • Diagnosis: blood tests for antibodies and cultures of blood, urine, or semen.
    • Treatment: antibiotics and supportive care.
    • Prevention: vaccination is available for dogs at risk.

    Canine Distemper Virus

    • Characteristics: highly contagious viral disease.
    • Transmission: through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Early stages: fever, lethargy, anorexia, respiratory distress, and watery eyes and nose.
      • Later stages: neurological signs such as seizures, tremors, paralysis, and circling.
      • Skin lesions: hard pads and pustules.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests for antibodies, PCR tests to detect the virus in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: no cure available. Supportive care is essential, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, and nutritional support.
    • Prevention: two-part vaccination program.

    Canine Parvovirus

    • Characteristics: highly contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Acute: fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea.
      • Severe: dehydration, weakness, and even death.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests for antibodies, PCR tests to detect the virus in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: supportive care and fluid therapy.
    • Prevention: two-part vaccination program.

    Canine Adenovirus (CAV-2)

    • Characteristics: highly contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Hepatitis: acute phase, anorexia, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea.
      • Respiratory disease: possible, especially when accompanied by other respiratory viruses.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, blood tests for antibodies, PCR tests to detect the virus in blood or tissue.
    • Treatment: supportive care and fluid therapy.
    • Prevention: two-part vaccination program.

    Canine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Canine RSV)

    • Characteristics: highly contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Cough: dry, hacking cough.
      • Nasal discharge: clear, thin mucus which may become thicker and yellowish as the infection progresses.
      • Respiratory distress: possible in severe cases.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, PCR tests for virus detection in samples.
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: fluids, humidification, and rest.
      • Antibiotics: may be used if secondary bacterial infections are suspected.
    • Prevention: combination vaccines specific for canine respiratory viruses.

    Canine Coronavirus

    • Characteristics: viral infection that can cause mild to severe diarrhea in dogs..
    • Transmission: close contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, and lethargy.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, PCR tests detected in feces.
    • Treatment: supportive care, fluids, and nutritional support are key.
    • Prevention: no specific vaccine available.

    Canine Influenza Virus

    • Characteristics: highly contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Cough: persistent and often forceful, especially when the dog is excited or stressed.
      • Nasal discharge: clear, thin mucus which may become thicker and yellowish as the infection progresses.
      • Fever: possible, and may be accompanied by lethargy and anorexia.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, PCR tests to detect the virus in nasal swabs.
    • Treatment: supportive care, fluids, and rest.
    • Prevention: vaccination.

    Canine Parainfluenza Virus

    • Characteristics: contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Cough: harsh, dry cough.
      • Nasal discharge: clear, thin mucus which may become thicker and yellowish as the infection progresses.
      • Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva which may result in red, watery eyes.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, PCR tests to detect the virus in swabs.
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care: fluids, humidification, and rest.
      • Antibiotics: may be used if secondary bacterial infections are suspected.
    • Prevention: combination vaccines specific for canine respiratory viruses.

    Canine Herpesvirus

    • Characteristics: contagious viral infection.
    • Transmission: through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
    • Symptoms:
      • Puppy: respiratory signs, fever, lethargy, vomiting and diarrhea, and sometimes neurological signs.
      • Adult dog: typically asymptomatic.
    • Diagnosis: clinical signs, PCR tests to detect the virus in swabs.
    • Treatment: supportive care, fluids, and rest. Antiviral medications are available but may not be effective in all cases.
    • Prevention: vaccination.

    Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

    • FIV is caused by a lentivirus in the retrovirus family
    • FIV is an RNA virus with an outer envelope and nuclear capsid
    • Subtype A is common in the Western United States
    • Subtype B is common in the Eastern United States
    • Prevalence is higher in free-roaming stray cats
    • Affects all ages, most prevalent in cats 6 years of age or older
    • More prevalent in male cats
    • Wild felids are susceptible
    • FIV is shed in saliva and most infections occur through bite wounds
    • FIV can be transmitted intravenously
    • Specific antiviral therapy can be used but some strains are drug-resistant
    • AZT can be used but it is myelosuppressive
    • Treatment with feline or human interferon can be attempted but it is expensive and may only be effective short-term

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • FIP is caused by a coronavirus called feline infectious peritonitis virus (FCoV)
    • FCoV is an enveloped RNA virus
    • Most cats exposed to FCoV do not develop FIP
    • FIP is most common in kittens but also occurs in adults

    Diagnosis of FIP

    • FIP is usually diagnosed based on clinical signs and blood tests
    • Antibodies to FCoV can be detected with serologic tests.

    Treatment of FIP

    • FIP is fatal, there is no cure

    Prevention of FIP

    • A highly effective vaccine is not available
    • It is important to keep cats away from infected cats
    • A cat with FIP can shed FCoV in its feces
    • Avoid breeding cats that have produced kittens that later developed FIP

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

    • CPV is caused by a parvovirus that infects dogs
    • Parvoviruses have a distinctive DNA structure
    • CPV is highly contagious and sheds in feces
    • Clinical disease is most common in puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months of age
    • Rottweilers, Doberman pinschers, Pit Bull terriers, German shepherd dogs, and Labrador retrievers may be more susceptible

    Treatment of CPV

    • Treatment is supportive care
    • Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
    • Antibiotics to combat secondary bacterial infections
    • Anti-emetics to control vomiting
    • Immune system support

    Prevention of CPV

    • A highly effective vaccine is available
    • Regular vaccination is extremely important
    • Minimize exposure to prevent infection

    Canine Lyme Disease

    • Canine Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Borrelia burgdorferi is a corkscrew shaped spirochete
    • Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks, primarily the black-legged tick
    • Clinical signs develop 2 to 5 months after exposure
    • Polyarthropathy is the most common sign
    • Protein-losing glomerulopathy and renal failure have been associated with Lyme disease, especially in Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers
    • Lyme disease is not well documented in cats although many cats are seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi
    • A vaccine is available for dogs but may not prevent the development of Lyme disease

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

    • Canine Parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that affects dogs primarily.
    • It causes severe gastrointestinal illness, characterized by bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.
    • Young puppies, especially those unvaccinated, are highly susceptible to CPV.
    • Vaccination is crucial in preventing CPV.
    • It’s recommended for puppies to be vaccinated every 3-4 weeks until they’re 14 weeks old.
    • Booster vaccinations are needed yearly after that.

    Canine Coronavirus (CAV)

    • Canine Coronavirus causes a mild, self-limiting respiratory illness.
    • The virus spreads through fecal-oral contact.
    • Two different types of canine coronavirus exist: CAV-1 and CAV-2.
    • CAV-2 vaccination is effective, while CAV-1 vaccines are not recommended due to potential complications.

    Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis (ACH)

    • ACH is a distinct viral disease in dogs, different from CAV-1 and CAV-2.
    • It can cause acute or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer.
    • Diagnosis relies on liver biopsies to confirm the presence of ACH.
    • Treatment is supportive, focusing on managing liver failure.

    Canine Herpesvirus (CHV)

    • CHV is a highly contagious virus that causes respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, and neurological disorders in dogs.
    • Infected dogs can carry the virus for life.
    • Vaccination against CHV is recommended.

    Leptospirosis

    • Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects dogs, cats, and humans.
    • It's contracted through contact with contaminated urine, water, or soil.
    • Symptoms include fever, lethargy, vomiting, and kidney failure.
    • Treatment with antibiotics can be effective, but chronic kidney failure remains a common problem.
    • Vaccination against Leptospirosis is available.

    Bartonellosis

    • Bartonellosis is a bacterial infection commonly known as "cat scratch disease" caused by Bartonella henselae.
    • Cats are the primary reservoir for the disease.
    • Transmission occurs through flea bites or blood transfusions.
    • Cats usually don't show symptoms, but some may experience fever or lymphadenopathy.
    • While Bartonellosis is primarily a feline disease, it can be transmitted to humans and can cause illness.

    Mycobacteriosis

    • Mycobacteriosis, also called "TB" in pets, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium genus.
    • It can affect various organs including the lungs, intestines, and the lymphatic system.
    • Human-to-pet transmission is possible, particularly with M. tuberculosis.
    • Infection with M. bovis is more common in cats and usually affects the intestinal tract.
    • Treatment involves antibiotics, but the disease can be difficult to eradicate completely.

    Histoplasmosis

    • Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
    • The fungus is found in soil and is inhaled, mainly in areas with high bird populations.
    • Symptoms include respiratory problems, enlarged lymph nodes, and systemic illness.
    • Diagnosis often involves a combination of clinical signs, radiographic imaging, and lab tests.
    • Treatment typically involves antifungal medications.

    Blastomycosis

    • Blastomycosis is another fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, found in moist soil near bodies of water.
    • Dogs are more susceptible than cats.
    • The infection can affect lungs, skin, bones, and other organs.
    • Diagnosis usually involves culture, microscopy, or serological tests.
    • Treatment involves antifungal medications.

    Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

    • Commonly found in cats
    • Has a high mortality rate
    • Spread through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, feces, and milk
    • May lead to serious problems like leukemia, lymphoma, and immunodeficiency
    • Found in all parts of the world
    • Diagnosed through blood tests

    Clinical Signs of Feline Leukemia Virus

    • Weight loss
    • Lethargy
    • Loss of appetite
    • Fever
    • Swollen lymph nodes
    • Oral ulcers
    • Anemia
    • Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
    • Opportunistic infections
    • Chronic infections (e.g., mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary tract, and skin)
    • FIV is neurotropic leading to neuronal damage, signs include dementia, behavior abnormalities, circling, gait abnormalities, and abnormal reflexes
    • B-cell lymphoma and myeloproliferative neoplasia occur more frequently in FIV-infected cats

    Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

    • Found worldwide
    • Transmitted through bites from infected felines
    • Most common immunodeficiency in cats
    • Doesn't affect humans
    • Long incubation period
    • May develop as a result of stress
    • Can survive for months outside the host

    Diagnosis of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

    • ELISA tests
    • Western blot
    • PCR tests
    • Can be diagnosed by isolating the virus in vitro
    • Antibody testing can provide false positives

    Treatment of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

    • No cure for FIV
    • Focuses on managing symptoms and preventing infection
    • Zidovudine (AZT) and interferon therapy can be helpful
    • Provide fluid therapy and nutritional support
    • Antibiotics given as needed

    Prevention of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

    • Vaccinations available
    • Vaccination considered “non-core”
    • Vaccinate outdoor cats or negative cats living in a household with infected cats
    • Vaccination not recommended for adult indoor cats with no exposure to infected cats
    • Local swelling may develop at the vaccination site and can develop into vaccine-associated sarcomas at a later date
    • Vaccination is not 100% effective
    • Control in multi-cat households and catteries
    • Test and removal program to eliminate FeLV from the household
    • In FeLV-negative households or catteries, give twice daily with food

    Feline Herpesvirus (FHV)

    • Common virus found in cats
    • Causes upper respiratory infections (URI)
    • Can cause conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and ocular discharge
    • Spread through respiratory secretions and direct contact
    • Highly contagious
    • Can remain dormant in body tissues and reactivate under stress

    Diagnosis of Feline Herpesvirus

    • Clinical signs and history
    • PCR test
    • Virus isolation

    Treatment of Feline Herpesvirus

    • Supportive care (e.g., fluid therapy, antibiotics, antivirals)
    • D-L-lysine therapy may reduce replication of FHV
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Feline Herpesvirus

    • FHV and FCV vaccination
    • Intranasal vaccines give better protection and avoid adjuvant-related problems
    • Sneezing and oculonasal discharge are common after intranasal vaccination
    • Isolate affected animals
    • Provide proper ventilation
    • Use disinfectants

    Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

    • Highly contagious
    • Causes upper respiratory infections
    • Spread through nasal secretions
    • Can cause oral ulcers, gingivitis, and fever

    Diagnosis of Feline Calicivirus

    • Clinical signs
    • PCR test
    • Virus isolation

    Treatment of Feline Calicivirus

    • Supportive care (e.g., fluid therapy and antibiotics)
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Feline Calicivirus

    • FHV and FCV vaccination
    • Intranasal vaccines give better protection and avoid adjuvant-related problems
    • Sneezing and oculonasal discharge are common after intranasal vaccination
    • Isolate affected animals
    • Provide proper ventilation
    • Use disinfectants

    Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)

    • Highly contagious respiratory disease
    • Caused by Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica

    Clinical Signs of Kennel Cough

    • Coughing
    • Sneezing
    • Runny nose
    • Fever
    • Difficulty breathing

    Diagnosis of Kennel Cough

    • History and physical exam
    • PCR test
    • Culture

    Treatment of Kennel Cough

    • Supportive care (e.g., fluid therapy, rest, cough suppressants, antibiotics)
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Kennel Cough

    • Vaccination
    • Isolate new dogs in shelters
    • Provide adequate ventilation and disinfection
    • Consider Bordetella vaccination (killed vaccine) in high-risk dogs
    • Intranasal vaccines stimulate local immunity, rapid onset of protection, and minimal interference from maternal antibodies
    • Immunity for Bordetella lasts for 6 months or less

    Canine Distemper

    • A serious and often fatal viral disease in dogs
    • Caused by canine distemper virus (CDV)
    • Part of the Paramyxoviridae family (similar to measles and mumps)
    • High incidence in dogs between 2-6 months of age

    Clinical Signs of Canine Distemper

    • Fever
    • Cough
    • Runny nose
    • Eye discharge
    • Diarrhea
    • Vomiting
    • Seizures
    • Neurological problems
    • Skin problems
    • Pneumonia
    • Encephalitis
    • Suppurative lesions may occur in feet and/or ears

    Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

    • Clinical signs
    • Blood testing
    • PCR testing
    • Virus isolation
    • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    Treatment of Canine Distemper

    • No cure for canine distemper
    • Focuses on managing symptoms and preventing secondary infections
    • Supportive care (e.g., fluids, antibiotics, anticonvulsants)
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Canine Distemper

    • Canine distemper vaccination is highly effective
    • Ensure that puppies receive colostrum
    • Vaccinate puppies at 6, 12, and 16 weeks of age
    • Annual booster shots are recommended

    Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV)

    • A highly contagious and often fatal disease in cats
    • Also known as feline distemper
    • Caused by parvovirus
    • Infects all felines, also raccoons, ferrets and minks
    • Shed in body secretions for 6 weeks
    • Resistant to inactivation
    • Survives for over a year in the environment
    • Affects rapidly dividing cells (e.g., intestinal crypt epithelium, lymphoid tissue, hemopoietic tissue, and the nervous system in the developing fetus)

    Clinical Signs of Feline Panleukopenia

    • Fever
    • Lethargy
    • Anorexia
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • Dehydration
    • Weight loss
    • Weakness
    • Neurological signs
    • Death in severe cases

    Diagnosis of Feline Panleukopenia

    • Clinical signs
    • Blood testing
    • PCR testing
    • Virus isolation

    Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia

    • No cure for feline panleukopenia
    • Focuses on managing symptoms and preventing secondary infections
    • Supportive care (e.g., fluid therapy, antibiotics, anti-emetics)
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Feline Panleukopenia

    • Feline panleukopenia vaccination is highly effective
    • Vaccinate kittens at 6, 12, and 16 weeks of age
    • Annual booster shots are recommended

    Rabies

    • Viral disease that affects mammals
    • Caused by a lyssavirus
    • Spread through saliva
    • Commonly transmitted through bites
    • Rare in cats, but can be deadly
    • Can be fatal to humans as well

    Clinical Signs of Rabies

    • Fever
    • Lethargy
    • Behavioral changes
    • Loss of coordination
    • Aggression
    • Paralysis
    • Hydrophobia
    • Ataxia (“drunk”)
    • Seizures
    • Excess salivation
    • Paralysis

    Diagnosis of Rabies

    • Postmortem diagnosis by testing the brain for the presence of rabies virus
    • Negri bodies are intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions that can be seen in most rabid dogs (but not cats)
    • Can be diagnosed by using PCR, fluorescent antibody testing, and virus isolation

    Treatment of Rabies

    • No treatment for rabies is available
    • Any suspected case of rabies should be quarantined or euthanized
    • Poses a public health hazard

    Prevention of Rabies

    • Rabies vaccination
    • Only inactivated and recombinant vaccines are available in the United States
    • Do not use rabies titers in animals as they may not correlate with protection
    • Do not vaccinate wild animals or hybrids against rabies as there are no vaccines licensed for these animals
    • Avoid contact with wild animals
    • Keep pets up to date on their rabies vaccinations

    Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)

    • Caused by Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)
    • Rare because of vaccination
    • Foxes, coyotes, wolves, and bears are susceptible to ICH
    • Infected through oral and nasal exposure
    • CAV-1 is highly resistant to disinfection

    Clinical Signs of Infectious Canine Hepatitis

    • Fever
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • Abdominal pain
    • Pharyngitis
    • Lymphadenopathy
    • Pneumonitis
    • Hemorrhage
    • CNS signs
    • Ocular disease (e.g., corneal edema or anterior uveitis)
    • Persistent chronic hepatitis may occur
    • Weight loss
    • Fever
    • Spontaneous bleeding
    • Anemia
    • Lymphadenopathy
    • Splenomegaly
    • Hepatomegaly
    • Uveitis
    • Polyarthritis
    • Limb edema

    Diagnosis of Infectious Canine Hepatitis

    • Based on clinical signs in unvaccinated dogs
    • Serological testing to confirm the diagnosis

    Treatment of Infectious Canine Hepatitis

    • Supportive care (fluids, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs)
    • Doxycycline is the treatment of choice
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Infectious Canine Hepatitis

    • Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) vaccination
    • Vaccinate puppies at 6, 12, and 16 weeks of age
    • Annual booster shots are recommended

    Canine Papillomavirus

    • Found worldwide
    • Spread through direct contact
    • Infects dogs
    • Cause benign tumors

    Clinical Signs of Canine Papillomavirus

    • Oral papillomatosis is the most common, with multiple nodules on the lips, oral mucosa, tongue, and palate
    • Ocular or cutaneous papillomatosis are uncommon
    • Nodules increase in size and number for 4-6 weeks, then regress.

    Diagnosis of Canine Papillomavirus

    • Clinical signs and history
    • PCR test

    Treatment of Canine Papillomavirus

    • Not necessary for oral papillomatosis
    • Ocular nodules and some oral nodules should be removed
    • If nodules do not regress, vincristine can be used.

    Prevention of Canine Papillomavirus

    • Minimize exposure to prevent
    • Good hygiene practices

    Neorickettsiosis (Potomac Horse Fever)

    • Caused by Neorickettsia risticii
    • Found in dogs and cats
    • Spread through a fluke that uses snails as an intermediate host
    • Infection occurs from ingestion of the trematode stage in water or ingestion of infected snails

    Clinical Signs of Neorickettsiosis

    • Lethargy
    • Vomiting
    • Petechial hemorrhages and bleeding
    • Polyarthritis
    • Edema
    • Posterior paralysis
    • Anemia
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Coagulopathy

    Diagnosis of Neorickettsiosis

    • Blood testing to detect antibodies against N. risticii

    Treatment of Neorickettsiosis

    • Doxycycline is the recommended treatment

    Prevention of Neorickettsiosis

    • Minimize exposure to standing water and snails
    • Control snail populations
    • Keep dogs away from areas where snails are present

    Salmon Poisoning Disease

    • Caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca
    • Found in dogs in the Pacific Northwest
    • Cats are not susceptible
    • Spread through the ingestion of infected salmon

    Clinical Signs of Salmon Poisoning Disease

    • Fever
    • Lethargy
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • Abdominal pain
    • Weight loss
    • Hemorrhage

    Diagnosis of Salmon Poisoning Disease

    • Clinical signs
    • Blood testing to detect antibodies against N. helminthoeca

    Treatment of Salmon Poisoning Disease

    • Doxycycline is the recommended treatment

    Prevention of Salmon Poisoning Disease

    • Avoid feeding dogs raw salmon
    • Keep dogs from areas where salmon are present
    • Wash hands after handling salmon

    Lyme Disease

    • Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Spread through the bite of infected ticks
    • Most cases occur in the Northeast States, Wisconsin, and Minnesota
    • Subclinical infection is common

    Clinical Signs of Lyme Disease

    • Polyarthropathy causing shifting-leg lameness
    • Swelling and joint pain
    • Chronic arthritis

    Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

    • History and physical examination
    • Blood testing to detect antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi

    Treatment of Lyme Disease

    • Doxycycline is the recommended treatment for early-stage Lyme disease
    • Treatment depends on severity and may not be necessary

    Prevention of Lyme Disease

    • Tick prevention (e.g., tick collars, spot-on treatments)
    • Regular tick checks
    • Remove ticks promptly
    • Vaccinate your dog against Lyme disease if you live in an area where it is prevalent

    Bordetella Bronchiseptica

    • Causes respiratory infections in dogs
    • Infects immunocompromised humans, but risk is minimal

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    Infectious Diseases in Cats PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in cats. It explains how these retroviruses affect feline health, their transmission methods, symptoms, and diagnosis. Additionally, it discusses treatment and prevention strategies for these serious diseases.

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