Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of an assistant professor in a veterinary clinical specialty?
What is the primary role of an assistant professor in a veterinary clinical specialty?
Which veterinary clinical specialty is primarily focused on skin disorders?
Which veterinary clinical specialty is primarily focused on skin disorders?
Which term best describes the study of heartworm lifecycle in veterinary medicine?
Which term best describes the study of heartworm lifecycle in veterinary medicine?
What is a common ECG abnormality associated with heart enlargement?
What is a common ECG abnormality associated with heart enlargement?
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What does a complete blood count analysis primarily assess?
What does a complete blood count analysis primarily assess?
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What diagnostic tool is essential for interpreting thoracic radiographs?
What diagnostic tool is essential for interpreting thoracic radiographs?
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Which professional has the expertise to diagnose endocrine disorders in animals?
Which professional has the expertise to diagnose endocrine disorders in animals?
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What should be the focus during a clinical examination for heart disease in dogs?
What should be the focus during a clinical examination for heart disease in dogs?
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What is the best method for detecting parasitic ova and oocysts in feces?
What is the best method for detecting parasitic ova and oocysts in feces?
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Which test evaluates for the presence of inflammatory cells in feces?
Which test evaluates for the presence of inflammatory cells in feces?
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What does the presence of undigested fat in feces indicate?
What does the presence of undigested fat in feces indicate?
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What dietary preparations are recommended before performing a fecal occult blood test?
What dietary preparations are recommended before performing a fecal occult blood test?
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What does a positive result in a fecal occult blood test suggest?
What does a positive result in a fecal occult blood test suggest?
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Which method is used to identify larvae in feces?
Which method is used to identify larvae in feces?
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What does the presence of brown-stained muscle fibers in feces indicate?
What does the presence of brown-stained muscle fibers in feces indicate?
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What condition does a positive fat absorption test indicate if turbidity occurs?
What condition does a positive fat absorption test indicate if turbidity occurs?
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What is an advantage of using cytology over histology?
What is an advantage of using cytology over histology?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a benefit of cytology when compared to histology?
Which of the following is NOT typically a benefit of cytology when compared to histology?
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How does the cost of cytology compare to histology?
How does the cost of cytology compare to histology?
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What method is NOT mentioned as a way to obtain samples for cytology?
What method is NOT mentioned as a way to obtain samples for cytology?
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Which location is mentioned as a potential site of sampling for cytology?
Which location is mentioned as a potential site of sampling for cytology?
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What is a primary consideration for a clinician when choosing between cytology and histology?
What is a primary consideration for a clinician when choosing between cytology and histology?
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In which situation might cytology be preferred over histology?
In which situation might cytology be preferred over histology?
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Cytology is most useful for diagnosing which type of conditions?
Cytology is most useful for diagnosing which type of conditions?
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Study Notes
Fecal Examination Techniques
- Direct smears: Useful for detecting Strongyloides, Coccidia, Giardia, Balantidium, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas spp.
- Wet mounts: Useful for detecting Giardia, Balantidium, and Entamoeba spp.
- Fecal flotation: Best method for detecting parasitic ova and oocysts. Various solutions can be used (sugar, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, or sodium nitrate).
- Baermann technique: Most useful for detecting larvae in feces.
- Fecal occult blood: Performed in animals with chronic diarrhea, loose stools, microcytic anemia, GI tumor history, or NSAID treatment. Positive results suggest upper GI inflammation, ulceration, or neoplasia. False positives can occur from meat or vegetable consumption; restrict diet (rice and cottage cheese) for a few days before testing.
- Fecal cytology: Examination for bacteria and inflammatory cells.
Digestion and Absorption Tests
- Fecal starch: Presence of undigested starch suggests deficiency in starch-digesting enzymes or increased intestinal motility. Dependent on diet's starch content. Lugol solution staining used.
- Fecal fat (direct): Direct fecal fat detects undigested fat. Sudan III or IV staining used. Lack of lipase leads to undigested fat.
- Fecal fat (indirect): Detects digested fat, suggesting adequate lipase but poor absorption. Mix feces, acetic acid, and Sudan III/IV; boil and examine.
- Fecal proteolytic activity: Estimated; rarely used due to serum TLI availability.
- Fecal muscle fibers: Presence, using Lugol stain, suggests inadequate fecal protease activity.
- Fat absorption test (plasma turbidity test): Following a 12-hour fast, corn oil is administered orally. Hourly plasma samples assessed for turbidity indicating lipid absorption. A repeat test using pre-incubated corn oil with pancreatic enzymes distinguishes between digestion and absorption issues. Sensitivity of this test is considered poor.
- Serum TLI: Used in dogs and cats to assess lipase activity.
Cytology Basics
- Cytology: Powerful, yet limited, tool for various species.
- Sample locations: Skin, liver, bone, GI tract, lungs, CNS.
- Investigated lesions: Masses, effusions, exudates, ulcerations, ultrasonographic or radiographic lesions, CT-guided lesions.
- Sample preparation methods: Direct smears, impressions, concentrations, cytocentrifuge preparations.
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Cytology vs. Histology:
- Speed: Cytology is significantly faster.
- Cost: Cytology is generally far less expensive.
- Invasiveness: Cytology is less traumatic and less morbid.
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Description
This quiz covers the various techniques used for fecal examination, including direct smears, wet mounts, fecal flotation, and the Baermann technique. Additionally, it explores digestion and absorption tests in relation to fecal analysis. Assess your knowledge on these critical veterinary diagnostic methods.
