Fecal Examination Techniques and Digestion Tests
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of an assistant professor in a veterinary clinical specialty?

  • To serve as the department chair
  • To conduct independent research only
  • To exclusively teach undergraduate courses
  • To engage in both teaching and clinical practice (correct)

Which veterinary clinical specialty is primarily focused on skin disorders?

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Dermatology (correct)
  • Pathobiology

Which term best describes the study of heartworm lifecycle in veterinary medicine?

  • Hematology
  • Pathology
  • Cardiology
  • Parasitology (correct)

What is a common ECG abnormality associated with heart enlargement?

<p>Atrial fibrillation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a complete blood count analysis primarily assess?

<p>The overall health of the animal's blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tool is essential for interpreting thoracic radiographs?

<p>Radiology expertise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which professional has the expertise to diagnose endocrine disorders in animals?

<p>Endocrinologist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus during a clinical examination for heart disease in dogs?

<p>Identifying respiratory rate and rhythm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method for detecting parasitic ova and oocysts in feces?

<p>Fecal flotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test evaluates for the presence of inflammatory cells in feces?

<p>Fecal cytology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of undigested fat in feces indicate?

<p>Deficiency in lipase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary preparations are recommended before performing a fecal occult blood test?

<p>Diet of rice and cottage cheese (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive result in a fecal occult blood test suggest?

<p>Upper GI tract inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to identify larvae in feces?

<p>Baermann technique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of brown-stained muscle fibers in feces indicate?

<p>Inadequate fecal protease activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does a positive fat absorption test indicate if turbidity occurs?

<p>Adequate absorption of lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using cytology over histology?

<p>It can be completed in a shorter time frame. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a benefit of cytology when compared to histology?

<p>Greater ability to diagnose complex lesions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cost of cytology compare to histology?

<p>Cytology uses less costly materials and methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is NOT mentioned as a way to obtain samples for cytology?

<p>Electrocardiography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location is mentioned as a potential site of sampling for cytology?

<p>Bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration for a clinician when choosing between cytology and histology?

<p>The time required for sample evaluation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation might cytology be preferred over histology?

<p>When rapid assessment of lesions is needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytology is most useful for diagnosing which type of conditions?

<p>Morphologic changes in tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Veterinary Profession Roles

Different jobs and positions within the veterinary field, e.g., professor, assistant professor, graduate research assistant, staff surgeon.

Masterson, DVM

An associate professor at Ohio State University in veterinary preventative medicine.

Rustemeyer May, DVM

Assistant professor specializing in veterinary dermatology at Iowa State University.

Mazaki-Tovi, DVM

Graduate research assistant in animal pathology and diagnostics at Michigan State University.

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Mitchell, DACVS

Assistant Professor in Veterinary Clinical Sciences at LSU, specializing in veterinary surgery.

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Patterson, DVM, PhD

Veterinary professor at Michigan State University specializing in animal health investigations

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Reimer, DACVS

Veterinary specialist at Iowa Veterinary Specialties, specializing in surgery.

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Saunders, DACVIM

Assistant professor in Small Animal Clinical Sciences at Texas A&M University, specializing in animal internal medicine.

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Fecal Flotation

A method to detect parasitic ova and oocysts in feces.

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Direct Smears

Used to detect certain parasites like Strongyloides, Coccidia, Giardia, Balantidium, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas.

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Fecal Occult Blood Test

A test for blood in the feces, often used to diagnose upper gastrointestinal tract issues like inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

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Fecal Cytology

Examining feces to detect types of bacteria and inflammatory cells.

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Fecal Starch Test

Identifies undigested starch in feces, indicating potential starch-digesting enzyme deficiency or increased intestinal motility.

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Fecal Fat Test

Determines presence of undigested or digested fat in feces, suggesting lipase deficiency or absorption problems.

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Baermann Technique

A method to detect larvae in feces.

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Fat Absorption Test

Evaluates fat absorption by oral administration of corn oil and testing for its absorption into the plasma.

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Cytology vs. Biopsy

Cytology uses cells for diagnosis, while biopsy uses tissue. Cytology is faster, more affordable and less invasive than biopsy.

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Cytology Speed

Cytology results are obtained quickly (minutes) due to direct sample preparation and analysis.

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Cytology Cost

Cytological samples and processing cost significantly less than biopsy.

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Cytology Invasiveness

Obtaining cell samples for cytology is less traumatic and causes less morbidity.

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Cytology Sample Locations

Cytology can be performed on various parts of animals, including skin, liver, bone, GI tract, lungs and CNS.

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Cytology Uses

Cytology can diagnose and monitor diseases in many animal species, using samples from various locations and types of lesions (masses, effusions, etc.)

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Cytology Techniques

Methods like direct smears, impressions, or cytocentrifuge preparations are used to prepare samples for examination.

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Histology Processing Time

Histology (tissue examination) requires more time for sample preparation and analysis (hours/days).

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Study Notes

Fecal Examination Techniques

  • Direct smears: Useful for detecting Strongyloides, Coccidia, Giardia, Balantidium, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas spp.
  • Wet mounts: Useful for detecting Giardia, Balantidium, and Entamoeba spp.
  • Fecal flotation: Best method for detecting parasitic ova and oocysts. Various solutions can be used (sugar, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, or sodium nitrate).
  • Baermann technique: Most useful for detecting larvae in feces.
  • Fecal occult blood: Performed in animals with chronic diarrhea, loose stools, microcytic anemia, GI tumor history, or NSAID treatment. Positive results suggest upper GI inflammation, ulceration, or neoplasia. False positives can occur from meat or vegetable consumption; restrict diet (rice and cottage cheese) for a few days before testing.
  • Fecal cytology: Examination for bacteria and inflammatory cells.

Digestion and Absorption Tests

  • Fecal starch: Presence of undigested starch suggests deficiency in starch-digesting enzymes or increased intestinal motility. Dependent on diet's starch content. Lugol solution staining used.
  • Fecal fat (direct): Direct fecal fat detects undigested fat. Sudan III or IV staining used. Lack of lipase leads to undigested fat.
  • Fecal fat (indirect): Detects digested fat, suggesting adequate lipase but poor absorption. Mix feces, acetic acid, and Sudan III/IV; boil and examine.
  • Fecal proteolytic activity: Estimated; rarely used due to serum TLI availability.
  • Fecal muscle fibers: Presence, using Lugol stain, suggests inadequate fecal protease activity.
  • Fat absorption test (plasma turbidity test): Following a 12-hour fast, corn oil is administered orally. Hourly plasma samples assessed for turbidity indicating lipid absorption. A repeat test using pre-incubated corn oil with pancreatic enzymes distinguishes between digestion and absorption issues. Sensitivity of this test is considered poor.
  • Serum TLI: Used in dogs and cats to assess lipase activity.

Cytology Basics

  • Cytology: Powerful, yet limited, tool for various species.
  • Sample locations: Skin, liver, bone, GI tract, lungs, CNS.
  • Investigated lesions: Masses, effusions, exudates, ulcerations, ultrasonographic or radiographic lesions, CT-guided lesions.
  • Sample preparation methods: Direct smears, impressions, concentrations, cytocentrifuge preparations.
  • Cytology vs. Histology:
    • Speed: Cytology is significantly faster.
    • Cost: Cytology is generally far less expensive.
    • Invasiveness: Cytology is less traumatic and less morbid.

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Description

This quiz covers the various techniques used for fecal examination, including direct smears, wet mounts, fecal flotation, and the Baermann technique. Additionally, it explores digestion and absorption tests in relation to fecal analysis. Assess your knowledge on these critical veterinary diagnostic methods.

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