Biology of Cancer Basics

What is the primary cause of nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, according to the World Health Organization?

What is the term for the formation of tumors?

What is the characteristic of a malignant neoplasm?

What is the most common type of cancer worldwide?

What is the term for a mass of cells that result from uncontrolled cell growth?

What is the primary site of a neoplasm?

What is the main difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?

Which of the following is NOT one of the original 6 hallmarks of cancer proposed in 2000?

What is the process by which new blood vessels are formed to nourish a growing tumor?

What is the process by which new cells eventually stop dividing and differentiate into a cell type appropriate for their role in the body?

What is the term for the process by which cells become resistant to signals that normally inhibit growth?

What is the term for the process by which abnormal or damaged cells undergo self-destruction?

What is the term for a group of cells that are derived from a single ancestral cell?

What is the term for the process by which cells can invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

What is the term for the founders of neoplasms that can further transform into invasive, metastatic cancer?

What is the term for agents that cause mutation in experimental animals and also cause cancer?

Which of the following is an emerging hallmark of cancer proposed in 2022?

What is the term for the process by which cells can resist cell death?

What is the term for the growth of genetically altered cells without directly causing new mutations?

What is the term for the process by which cells can proliferate uncontrollably?

What is an example of a carcinogen mentioned in the text?

What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells?

What is an example of a cancer that is prevalent among northern Europeans and European Americans but relatively rare among women in developing countries?

What is the term for the formation of new blood vessels that supply a growing tumor?

What is the lifetime risk of colon cancer in the Japanese population living in Japan?

Among Japanese Americans on the U.S. mainland, what is the approximate rate of colon cancer?

What happens to the rate of stomach cancer among Japanese Americans?

What is the ultimate stage of the signal transduction pathway?

What is the function of transcription factors in the nucleus?

What is the multi-hit concept of carcinogenesis?

What is the role of MYC, FOS, and JUN genes in cancer development?

What is the key feature distinguishing inherited from sporadic retinoblastoma?

What is Knudson's hypothesis?

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

What is the characteristic of familial retinoblastoma?

What is the role of the RB1 gene in cancer development?

What is the likely culprit behind the increased risk of colon cancer in the United States?

What is the mechanism by which growth factors interact with cells?

What is the role of genetic factors in the development of cancer?

What is the result of the binding of a growth factor to its receptor?

What is the difference between the incidence of colon cancer in Japan and the United States?

What is the function of protein kinases in signal transduction?

What is the role of transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression?

What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer has increased dramatically in Japan over the past several decades?

What is the mechanism by which external growth factors influence cell growth and differentiation?

What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer is higher in Japanese Americans living in the United States than in Japan?

What is the primary observation behind Peto's Paradox?

What is the implication of Peto's Paradox regarding the evolution of cancer suppression mechanisms in large animals?

What is the name of the scientist who first observed the connection between the number of cells in an organism and its incidence of cancer?

What is the type of skin cancer that develops in the cells that produce melanin pigment?

Which of the following species is cited as an example of a large, long-lived animal that has evolved mechanisms to suppress cancer?

What is the result of mutations in genes such as BRCA1?

What is the typical result of telomere shortening in normal cells?

What is the estimated percentage of tumor cells that have activated telomerase?

What is the result of defects in proteins responsible for chromosome separation during mitosis?

What is the estimated percentage of melanomas with somatic mutations in the promoter region of the TERT gene?

What is the result of impaired nucleotide excision repair?

What is the typical limit on the number of cell divisions allowed to each cell?

What is the result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

What is the enzyme that replaces telomeric segments lost during cell division?

What is the consequence of genomic instability?

What is the effect of pRb phosphorylation by CDKs on its activity?

What is the role of E2F in the cell cycle?

What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in the RB1 gene?

How do oncogenes typically originate?

What is the percentage of the human genome that consists of remnants of ancient viruses?

What is the mechanism by which retroviruses can cause cancer?

What is the term for the process by which a retrovirus converts its RNA genome into DNA?

What is the name of the oncogene identified through the study of retroviruses that cause cancer in chickens?

What is the percentage of human cancers in which the RAS oncogene is altered?

What is the ranking of cancer in terms of causes of death worldwide?

What is the characteristic of a neoplasm that distinguishes it from cancer?

Which of the following types of cancer is most common?

What is the term for the process by which cells invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

What is the result of uncontrolled cell growth in a neoplasm?

What is the primary reason why cells must become resistant to signals that normally inhibit growth in order to develop cancer?

Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer that was proposed in 2000?

What is the term for the process by which cells invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

What is the characteristic that distinguishes malignant from benign neoplasms?

Which of the following is a classification of tumors based on the tissue type in which they arise?

What is the purpose of angiogenesis in the development of a tumor?

Which of the following is a result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

What is the term for the process by which cells can resist cell death?

Which of the following is an emerging hallmark of cancer proposed in 2022?

What is the term for the formation of a mass of cells that result from uncontrolled cell growth?

What is the primary consequence of a cell failing to differentiate and dividing without restraint?

What is the role of environmental agents in carcinogenesis?

What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer has increased dramatically in Japan over the past several decades?

What is the relationship between cigarette smoke and cancer?

What is the observation about stomach cancer among Japanese Americans?

What is the role of environmental factors in the development of cancer?

What is the observation about colon cancer among Japanese Americans?

What is the significance of the observation that many kinds of cancer have quite different frequencies in different populations?

What is the term for the process by which cells undergo self-destruction?

What is the role of epidemiological studies in understanding cancer development?

What is thought to increase the risk of colon cancer in the United States?

What is the mechanism by which growth factors influence cell growth and differentiation?

What has been observed in Japan during the past several decades?

What is the role of inherited genes in the development of cancer?

What is the result of the binding of a growth factor to its receptor?

What is the role of protein kinases in signal transduction?

What is the distinction between people who will get colon cancer and those who will not in the North American environment?

What is the role of transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression?

What is the consequence of the adoption of a diet more similar to that of North America and Europe in Japan?

What is the likely culprit behind the increased risk of stomach cancer in Japan?

What is the main function of MYC, FOS, and JUN genes in the cell?

According to Knudson's hypothesis, what is required to create a retinoblastoma?

What is the characteristic of familial retinoblastoma?

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

What is the difference between inherited and sporadic retinoblastoma?

What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in the RB1 gene?

What is the term for genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation when mutated or inactivated?

What is the role of the RB1 gene in the cell cycle?

What is the significance of Knudson's hypothesis?

What is the classification of genes that activate proliferation when mutated or overexpressed?

What is the result of the binding of pRb to members of the E2F transcription complex?

What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

What is the characteristic of oncogenes that distinguishes them from tumor suppressor genes?

What is the mechanism by which retroviruses can cause cancer?

What is the function of the RB1 gene in cancer development?

What is the result of a mutation in the RB1 gene?

What is the role of E2F in the cell cycle?

What is the percentage of the human genome that is made up of remnants of ancient viruses?

What is the term for the process by which a retrovirus converts its RNA genome into DNA?

What is the function of the ERBB oncogene?

What is Peto's Paradox?

Who is credited with the observation known as Peto's Paradox?

What is true about the incidence of cancer in whales compared to humans?

What is suggested by Peto's Paradox about large, long-lived animals?

What type of skin cancer develops in the cells that produce melanin pigment?

What is the main cause of genomic instability in tumor cells?

What is the result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

What is the function of telomerase in tumor cells?

What is the typical limit on the number of cell divisions allowed to each cell?

What is the result of defects in proteins responsible for chromosome separation during mitosis?

What is the percentage of melanomas with somatic mutations in the promoter region of the TERT gene?

What is the consequence of telomere shortening in normal cells?

What is the role of BRCA2 in DNA repair?

What is the consequence of activating the gene that encodes telomerase?

What is the result of hypomethylation of DNA?