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Biology of Cancer Basics
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Biology of Cancer Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, according to the World Health Organization?

  • Cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Heart disease (correct)

    • What is the term for the formation of tumors?

  • Lymph node invasion
  • Tumorigenesis (correct)
  • Metastasis
  • Neoplasm

    • What is the characteristic of a malignant neoplasm?

  • Uncontrolled cell growth
  • Invasion of neighboring tissues
  • Spread to distant sites
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the most common type of cancer worldwide?

    <p>Breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mass of cells that result from uncontrolled cell growth?

    <p>Neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of a neoplasm?

    <p>Original site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?

    <p>Benign neoplasms do not invade or metastasize, while malignant neoplasms can</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the original 6 hallmarks of cancer proposed in 2000?

    <p>Reprogramming cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which new blood vessels are formed to nourish a growing tumor?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which new cells eventually stop dividing and differentiate into a cell type appropriate for their role in the body?

    <p>Integration of biochemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells become resistant to signals that normally inhibit growth?

    <p>Evading growth suppressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which abnormal or damaged cells undergo self-destruction?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of cells that are derived from a single ancestral cell?

    <p>Monoclonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells can invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the founders of neoplasms that can further transform into invasive, metastatic cancer?

    <p>Descendants of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for agents that cause mutation in experimental animals and also cause cancer?

    <p>Carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an emerging hallmark of cancer proposed in 2022?

    <p>Phenotypic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells can resist cell death?

    <p>Resisting cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the growth of genetically altered cells without directly causing new mutations?

    <p>Enhancement of cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells can proliferate uncontrollably?

    <p>Sustaining proliferative signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a carcinogen mentioned in the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells?

    <p>Avoiding immune destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cancer that is prevalent among northern Europeans and European Americans but relatively rare among women in developing countries?

    <p>Breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of new blood vessels that supply a growing tumor?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of colon cancer in the Japanese population living in Japan?

    <p>0.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among Japanese Americans on the U.S. mainland, what is the approximate rate of colon cancer?

    <p>Equal to the U.S. average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of stomach cancer among Japanese Americans?

    <p>It becomes more rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate stage of the signal transduction pathway?

    <p>Regulation of DNA transcription in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transcription factors in the nucleus?

    <p>To regulate the activity of specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the multi-hit concept of carcinogenesis?

    <p>The requirement for multiple mutations to cause cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MYC, FOS, and JUN genes in cancer development?

    <p>They activate cellular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature distinguishing inherited from sporadic retinoblastoma?

    <p>The presence of bilateral tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Knudson's hypothesis?

    <p>Two mutations are required to create a retinoblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>To inhibit cellular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of familial retinoblastoma?

    <p>It is usually bilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RB1 gene in cancer development?

    <p>It inhibits cellular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely culprit behind the increased risk of colon cancer in the United States?

    <p>A high-fat, low-fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which growth factors interact with cells?

    <p>Through binding to specific receptors on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genetic factors in the development of cancer?

    <p>Genetic factors increase a person's probability of developing cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of a growth factor to its receptor?

    <p>The triggering of signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the incidence of colon cancer in Japan and the United States?

    <p>The incidence of colon cancer is lower in Japan than in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein kinases in signal transduction?

    <p>To tag target proteins with a phosphate molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression?

    <p>To activate the transcription of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer has increased dramatically in Japan over the past several decades?

    <p>It suggests that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which external growth factors influence cell growth and differentiation?

    <p>Through the activation of signal transduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer is higher in Japanese Americans living in the United States than in Japan?

    <p>It suggests that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary observation behind Peto's Paradox?

    <p>The incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Peto's Paradox regarding the evolution of cancer suppression mechanisms in large animals?

    <p>They have evolved mechanisms that are 1,000 times better at suppressing cancer than humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scientist who first observed the connection between the number of cells in an organism and its incidence of cancer?

    <p>Richard Peto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of skin cancer that develops in the cells that produce melanin pigment?

    <p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is cited as an example of a large, long-lived animal that has evolved mechanisms to suppress cancer?

    <p>Blue whale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mutations in genes such as BRCA1?

    <p>Defective repair of double-stranded breaks in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of telomere shortening in normal cells?

    <p>The cell becomes senescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of tumor cells that have activated telomerase?

    <p>85% to 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of defects in proteins responsible for chromosome separation during mitosis?

    <p>Aneuploidy and tumorigenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of melanomas with somatic mutations in the promoter region of the TERT gene?

    <p>70% to 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of impaired nucleotide excision repair?

    <p>Xeroderma pigmentosum and skin tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical limit on the number of cell divisions allowed to each cell?

    <p>50 to 70 mitotic divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

    <p>Inherited form of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that replaces telomeric segments lost during cell division?

    <p>Telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of genomic instability?

    <p>Mutations and chromosome defects that can contribute to tumorigenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pRb phosphorylation by CDKs on its activity?

    <p>It inactivates pRb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E2F in the cell cycle?

    <p>It promotes the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in the RB1 gene?

    <p>The cell cycle proceeds unregulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oncogenes typically originate?

    <p>From proto-oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the human genome that consists of remnants of ancient viruses?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which retroviruses can cause cancer?

    <p>By inserting oncogenes into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a retrovirus converts its RNA genome into DNA?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the oncogene identified through the study of retroviruses that cause cancer in chickens?

    <p>RAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of human cancers in which the RAS oncogene is altered?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ranking of cancer in terms of causes of death worldwide?

    <p>Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a neoplasm that distinguishes it from cancer?

    <p>Ability to invade neighboring tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of cancer is most common?

    <p>All of the above are equally common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of uncontrolled cell growth in a neoplasm?

    <p>Formation of tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cells must become resistant to signals that normally inhibit growth in order to develop cancer?

    <p>To evade growth suppressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer that was proposed in 2000?

    <p>Sustaining proliferative signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells invade and spread to distant sites in the body?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that distinguishes malignant from benign neoplasms?

    <p>Ability to invade and metastasize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classification of tumors based on the tissue type in which they arise?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of angiogenesis in the development of a tumor?

    <p>To provide nourishment to the growing tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

    <p>Genome instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells can resist cell death?

    <p>Resisting cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an emerging hallmark of cancer proposed in 2022?

    <p>Phenotypic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of a mass of cells that result from uncontrolled cell growth?

    <p>Tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a cell failing to differentiate and dividing without restraint?

    <p>It becomes a founder of a neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of environmental agents in carcinogenesis?

    <p>They enhance the growth of genetically altered cells without directly causing new mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the observation that the incidence of colon cancer has increased dramatically in Japan over the past several decades?

    <p>It shows that environmental factors have a significant impact on cancer development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cigarette smoke and cancer?

    <p>Cigarette smoke causes lung and other types of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observation about stomach cancer among Japanese Americans?

    <p>It becomes less common among Japanese Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of environmental factors in the development of cancer?

    <p>They interact with genetic factors to determine carcinogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observation about colon cancer among Japanese Americans?

    <p>It is more common among Japanese Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the observation that many kinds of cancer have quite different frequencies in different populations?

    <p>It highlights the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in cancer development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells undergo self-destruction?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epidemiological studies in understanding cancer development?

    <p>They highlight the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in cancer development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to increase the risk of colon cancer in the United States?

    <p>A high-fat, low-fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which growth factors influence cell growth and differentiation?

    <p>Through binding to specific growth factor receptors on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been observed in Japan during the past several decades?

    <p>An increase in the incidence of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inherited genes in the development of cancer?

    <p>They increase the risk of developing cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of a growth factor to its receptor?

    <p>The activation of signal transduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein kinases in signal transduction?

    <p>They activate the activity of target proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between people who will get colon cancer and those who will not in the North American environment?

    <p>Both dietary variation and genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression?

    <p>They activate the expression of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the adoption of a diet more similar to that of North America and Europe in Japan?

    <p>An increase in the incidence of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely culprit behind the increased risk of stomach cancer in Japan?

    <p>The use of techniques to preserve and season fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of MYC, FOS, and JUN genes in the cell?

    <p>To regulate the activity of specific genes influencing cellular growth and proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Knudson's hypothesis, what is required to create a retinoblastoma?

    <p>One mutation in the retinoblastoma gene and one additional genetic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of familial retinoblastoma?

    <p>It is usually bilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>To block uncontrolled cellular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between inherited and sporadic retinoblastoma?

    <p>Inherited retinoblastoma is caused by germline mutations, while sporadic is caused by somatic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in the RB1 gene?

    <p>Uncontrolled cellular proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation when mutated or inactivated?

    <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RB1 gene in the cell cycle?

    <p>To inhibit cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Knudson's hypothesis?

    <p>It proposes that two mutations are required to create a retinoblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of genes that activate proliferation when mutated or overexpressed?

    <p>Oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of pRb to members of the E2F transcription complex?

    <p>Inactivation of E2F transcription complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

    <p>To phosphorylate and inactivate pRb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of oncogenes that distinguishes them from tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>They are dominant at the cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which retroviruses can cause cancer?

    <p>By transferring an oncogene into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the RB1 gene in cancer development?

    <p>To inhibit cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a mutation in the RB1 gene?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E2F in the cell cycle?

    <p>To regulate the S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the human genome that is made up of remnants of ancient viruses?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a retrovirus converts its RNA genome into DNA?

    <p>Reverse transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ERBB oncogene?

    <p>To encode a receptor molecule for epidermal growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Peto's Paradox?

    <p>An observation that the incidence of cancer does not correlate with the number of cells in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the observation known as Peto's Paradox?

    <p>Richard Peto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the incidence of cancer in whales compared to humans?

    <p>Whales have a lower incidence of cancer than humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by Peto's Paradox about large, long-lived animals?

    <p>They have evolved mechanisms capable of suppressing cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin cancer develops in the cells that produce melanin pigment?

    <p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of genomic instability in tumor cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of faulty DNA mismatch repair?

    <p>Inherited form of colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase in tumor cells?

    <p>To replace telomeric segments lost during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical limit on the number of cell divisions allowed to each cell?

    <p>50 to 70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of defects in proteins responsible for chromosome separation during mitosis?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of melanomas with somatic mutations in the promoter region of the TERT gene?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of telomere shortening in normal cells?

    <p>Cell senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BRCA2 in DNA repair?

    <p>Defective repair of double-stranded breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of activating the gene that encodes telomerase?

    <p>Uninhibited cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypomethylation of DNA?

    <p>Genomic instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

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