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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
- They carry the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. (correct)
- They are not produced by the body.
- They are derived from the diet.
- They have at least one double bond.
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
- The presence of a phosphate group.
- The location of hydrogen atoms on the double bond. (correct)
- The number of double bonds.
- The number of carbon atoms.
What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?
What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?
- To produce energy from carbohydrates.
- To regulate blood sugar levels.
- To transport dietary fat and provide energy. (correct)
- To synthesize proteins.
What is the component that is attached to the fatty acid in phospholipids?
What is the component that is attached to the fatty acid in phospholipids?
What is the term for phospholipids derived from glycerol?
What is the term for phospholipids derived from glycerol?
What is the characteristic of essential fatty acids?
What is the characteristic of essential fatty acids?
What is the name of the lipid derived from sphingosine found in the brain?
What is the name of the lipid derived from sphingosine found in the brain?
What is the simplest glycolipid that contains a sugar residue of glucose or galactose?
What is the simplest glycolipid that contains a sugar residue of glucose or galactose?
What is the structure of cholesterol?
What is the structure of cholesterol?
What is the function of the hydroxyl group in cholesterol?
What is the function of the hydroxyl group in cholesterol?
What is the origin of bile salts?
What is the origin of bile salts?
What is the normal range for High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)?
What is the normal range for High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)?
What is the defining feature of lipids?
What is the defining feature of lipids?
How are fatty acids named?
How are fatty acids named?
What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?
What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?
Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains ending in carboxylic acid groups?
Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains ending in carboxylic acid groups?
What is the systematic name for a C18 saturated fatty acid?
What is the systematic name for a C18 saturated fatty acid?
What role do lipids play in the overall energy economy of the cell?
What role do lipids play in the overall energy economy of the cell?
What is the characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is formed from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids?
What is formed from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids?
What type of fatty acids are derived from diets?
What type of fatty acids are derived from diets?
What is attached to the phosphate and an alcohol in phospholipids?
What is attached to the phosphate and an alcohol in phospholipids?
What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?
What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
What is the characteristic feature of sphingomyelin among lipids derived from sphingosine?
What is the characteristic feature of sphingomyelin among lipids derived from sphingosine?
Which lipid class contains a hydrocarbon tail linked to a steroid with a hydroxyl group at the other end?
Which lipid class contains a hydrocarbon tail linked to a steroid with a hydroxyl group at the other end?
What distinguishes glycolipids from sphingomyelin?
What distinguishes glycolipids from sphingomyelin?
Among sterol lipids, which one has bile salt as an example with taurine or glycine as additional components?
Among sterol lipids, which one has bile salt as an example with taurine or glycine as additional components?
In lipid profile terms, what is indicated when Triglyceride is referred to as '>1.2mmol/l'?
In lipid profile terms, what is indicated when Triglyceride is referred to as '>1.2mmol/l'?
What orientation does cholesterol have in membranes relative to the fatty acid chains of phospholipids?
What orientation does cholesterol have in membranes relative to the fatty acid chains of phospholipids?
What is the defining feature of lipids?
What is the defining feature of lipids?
How are fatty acids typically named?
How are fatty acids typically named?
What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?
What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?
Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains of varying length and degrees of unsaturation?
Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains of varying length and degrees of unsaturation?
What is the systematic naming convention for fatty acids?
What is the systematic naming convention for fatty acids?
Which solvent are lipids highly soluble in?
Which solvent are lipids highly soluble in?
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Study Notes
Lipids
- Lipids are a chemically diverse group of organic compounds, characterized by their insolubility in water.
- Lipids are highly soluble in non-polar solvents, such as chloroform and ether.
- Lipids are essential to the overall energy economy of the cell.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with varying lengths and degrees of unsaturation, terminating with carboxylic acid groups.
- Carbon atoms in fatty acids are numbered starting from the carboxyl terminus.
- Systematic names of fatty acids are derived from the name of their parent hydrocarbon by substituting "oic" for the final "e".
- Examples of fatty acids: Octadecadienoic acid, Stearic acid (saturated), and Linoleic acid (unsaturated).
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and carry the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
- Unsaturated fatty acids lack hydrogen atoms and have at least one double bond.
- Examples of unsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) and α-Linolenic acid (C18:3 ω3).
Cis and Trans-Fatty Acids
- Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bonds.
- Trans fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond.
Essential and Non-Essential Fatty Acids
- Non-essential fatty acids are produced by the body.
- Essential fatty acids are derived from the diet, are not produced by the body, and are necessary for vital functions.
Triglycerides
- Triglycerides are formed from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Triglycerides are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons.
- Triglycerides are important in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat.
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids contain one or more fatty acids attached to a phosphate and an alcohol.
- Phospholipids may be attached to glycerol, a 3-carbon alcohol, or sphingosine.
- Examples of phospholipids: Cardiolipin (found in the heart) and Sphingomyelin (found in the brain).
Glycolipids
- Glycolipids are sugar-containing lipids derived from sphingosine.
- Glycolipids differ from sphingomyelin in the identity of the unit linked to the primary hydroxyl group of the sphingosine backbone.
- Example of glycolipid: Cerebroside (found in neural tissue).
Sterol Lipids
- Cholesterol is built from 4 linked hydrocarbon rings.
- A hydrocarbon tail is linked to the steroid at one end, and a hydroxyl group is attached at the other end.
- In membranes, the orientation of the molecule is parallel to the fatty acids chains of the Phospholipids, and the hydroxyl group interacts with the nearby Phospholipid head groups.
- Example of sterol lipid: Bile Salt, which originates from cholesterol and has 4 linked hydrocarbon rings plus Taurine or Glycine or Both.
Lipid Profile
- High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C): >1.2 mmol/l
- Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C): 2.4 mmol/l
- Triglyceride
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