Fatty Acids: Saturated vs. Unsaturated
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

  • They carry the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. (correct)
  • They are not produced by the body.
  • They are derived from the diet.
  • They have at least one double bond.

    • What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?

  • The presence of a phosphate group.
  • The location of hydrogen atoms on the double bond. (correct)
  • The number of double bonds.
  • The number of carbon atoms.

    • What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?

  • To produce energy from carbohydrates.
  • To regulate blood sugar levels.
  • To transport dietary fat and provide energy. (correct)
  • To synthesize proteins.

    • What is the component that is attached to the fatty acid in phospholipids?

    <p>A phosphate and an alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for phospholipids derived from glycerol?

    <p>Phosphoglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of essential fatty acids?

    <p>They are derived from the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the lipid derived from sphingosine found in the brain?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest glycolipid that contains a sugar residue of glucose or galactose?

    <p>Cerebroside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of cholesterol?

    <p>4 linked hydrocarbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hydroxyl group in cholesterol?

    <p>Interacts with the head groups of phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of bile salts?

    <p>Synthesized from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)?

    <p>&gt;1.2 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of lipids?

    <p>Insolubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fatty acids named?

    <p>Based on the type of hydrocarbon they are derived from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?

    <p>Their insolubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains ending in carboxylic acid groups?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systematic name for a C18 saturated fatty acid?

    <p>Octadecanoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lipids play in the overall energy economy of the cell?

    <p>Contributing to the cell's energy supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>They lack hydrogen atoms and have at least one double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids?

    <p>Triglyceride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acids are derived from diets?

    <p>Essential Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attached to the phosphate and an alcohol in phospholipids?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of triglycerides in metabolism?

    <p>As energy sources and transporters of dietary fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids?

    <p>Cis has hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of sphingomyelin among lipids derived from sphingosine?

    <p>Found in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid class contains a hydrocarbon tail linked to a steroid with a hydroxyl group at the other end?

    <p>High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes glycolipids from sphingomyelin?

    <p>Cerebroside contains a sugar residue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among sterol lipids, which one has bile salt as an example with taurine or glycine as additional components?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lipid profile terms, what is indicated when Triglyceride is referred to as '>1.2mmol/l'?

    <p>Low Triglyceride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What orientation does cholesterol have in membranes relative to the fatty acid chains of phospholipids?

    <p>Parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of lipids?

    <p>Insolubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fatty acids typically named?

    <p>By the carboxyl terminus carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the complexity in the digestion, transport, and metabolism of lipids?

    <p>Insolubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid has long hydrocarbon chains of varying length and degrees of unsaturation?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systematic naming convention for fatty acids?

    <p>By the substitution of oic for the final e</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solvent are lipids highly soluble in?

    <p>Chloroform and ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipids

    • Lipids are a chemically diverse group of organic compounds, characterized by their insolubility in water.
    • Lipids are highly soluble in non-polar solvents, such as chloroform and ether.
    • Lipids are essential to the overall energy economy of the cell.

    Fatty Acids

    • Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with varying lengths and degrees of unsaturation, terminating with carboxylic acid groups.
    • Carbon atoms in fatty acids are numbered starting from the carboxyl terminus.
    • Systematic names of fatty acids are derived from the name of their parent hydrocarbon by substituting "oic" for the final "e".
    • Examples of fatty acids: Octadecadienoic acid, Stearic acid (saturated), and Linoleic acid (unsaturated).

    Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

    • Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and carry the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
    • Unsaturated fatty acids lack hydrogen atoms and have at least one double bond.
    • Examples of unsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) and α-Linolenic acid (C18:3 ω3).

    Cis and Trans-Fatty Acids

    • Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bonds.
    • Trans fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond.

    Essential and Non-Essential Fatty Acids

    • Non-essential fatty acids are produced by the body.
    • Essential fatty acids are derived from the diet, are not produced by the body, and are necessary for vital functions.

    Triglycerides

    • Triglycerides are formed from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids.
    • Triglycerides are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons.
    • Triglycerides are important in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat.

    Phospholipids

    • Phospholipids contain one or more fatty acids attached to a phosphate and an alcohol.
    • Phospholipids may be attached to glycerol, a 3-carbon alcohol, or sphingosine.
    • Examples of phospholipids: Cardiolipin (found in the heart) and Sphingomyelin (found in the brain).

    Glycolipids

    • Glycolipids are sugar-containing lipids derived from sphingosine.
    • Glycolipids differ from sphingomyelin in the identity of the unit linked to the primary hydroxyl group of the sphingosine backbone.
    • Example of glycolipid: Cerebroside (found in neural tissue).

    Sterol Lipids

    • Cholesterol is built from 4 linked hydrocarbon rings.
    • A hydrocarbon tail is linked to the steroid at one end, and a hydroxyl group is attached at the other end.
    • In membranes, the orientation of the molecule is parallel to the fatty acids chains of the Phospholipids, and the hydroxyl group interacts with the nearby Phospholipid head groups.
    • Example of sterol lipid: Bile Salt, which originates from cholesterol and has 4 linked hydrocarbon rings plus Taurine or Glycine or Both.

    Lipid Profile

    • High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C): >1.2 mmol/l
    • Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C): 2.4 mmol/l
    • Triglyceride

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    Description

    Learn about the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with examples like Stearic Acid and Linoleic Acid. Explore the concepts of cis and trans-fatty acids and how their hydrogen atoms are arranged relative to the double bonds.

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