Fatty Acids Overview

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons that play a crucial role in various bodily functions. They can be classified into four primary categories based on their carbon chain length and the number of double bonds:

1. Saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) have a single bond between each carbon atom and a maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to every carbon atom.
2. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) have one double bond between carbon atoms.
3. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
4. Trans fatty acids have double bonds where the hydrogen atoms have a trans configuration.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms) and stearic acid (18 carbon atoms), are commonly found in palm oil and animal fat, respectively. While they are necessary for the body to function, excessive consumption can increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Mono-unsaturated Fatty Acids

Mono-unsaturated fatty acids, like oleic acid (18 carbon atoms), are found in olive oil and have been linked to reduced inflammation and lower risk of heart disease.

Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acids

Poly-unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are found in fish oil and have been associated with heart health, while omega-6 fatty acids, like linoleic acid, are found in safflower oil and contribute to immune system and central nervous system function.

Essential Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids are poly-unsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own. They include linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3). Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential as they help create hormones that regulate the immune system and central nervous system. A balanced diet with a variety of sources is recommended to ensure proper intake of both types of essential fatty acids.

Deficiency and Symptoms

Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) is rare, but it can occur in individuals with certain health conditions affecting absorption or metabolism. Symptoms of EFAD may include hair loss, dry, scaly skin, slow wound healing, and decreased growth.

Treatment and Balance

If a person is diagnosed with EFAD, a doctor may recommend adjusting their diet to include more sources of essential fatty acids, such as nuts, seeds, and oily fish. Maintaining a balanced diet with a sufficient intake of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is crucial for overall health.