Lipids 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the carbon numbering convention for fatty acids?

  • Numbering starts from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain.
  • Numbering starts from the longest carbon chain of the fatty acid.
  • Numbering starts from the middle of the fatty acid chain.
  • Numbering starts from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid chain. (correct)

What is the term used to describe fatty acids that have 22 or more carbon atoms?

  • Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA)
  • Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) (correct)
  • Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA)
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)

How are double bonds in fatty acids named using the ω-carbon as reference?

  • The first double bond is located one carbon from the ω-carbon.
  • The first double bond is located six carbons from the ω-carbon. (correct)
  • The first double bond is located two carbons from the ω-carbon.
  • The first double bond is located three carbons from the ω-carbon.

What is the term used to describe fatty acids that have 6-12 carbon atoms?

<p>Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are longer fatty acids (≥ 22 carbons) mainly found?

<p>In the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fatty acids in the body?

<p>To provide energy storage in the form of triacylglycerols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

<p>They have a higher melting point compared to unsaturated fatty acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in the body?

<p>To provide structural support for cell membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids?

<p>They must be obtained from the diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in the body?

<p>To provide energy for the cells during fasting periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the physical properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher melting point and are more solid at room temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of essential fatty acids?

<p>They cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in cell membranes?

<p>To form a selectively permeable barrier and maintain membrane fluidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement about the structure of phospholipids.

<p>They have a polar phosphate head group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails joined by a glycerol backbone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, while saturated fatty acids do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of phospholipids in cells?

<p>Storing energy for cellular processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dietary ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids for most species?

<p>5:1 to 10:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structural component of glycerophospholipids?

<p>Glycerol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sphingomyelin, a type of sphingophospholipid?

<p>Provides structural support to cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key physiological function of phosphatidylserine?

<p>Facilitates cell signaling and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes?

<p>Maintaining membrane fluidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structural component of sphingophospholipids?

<p>Sphingosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phosphatidylinositol, a type of glycerophospholipid?

<p>Facilitates cell signaling and communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural difference between glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin?

<p>Glycerophospholipids contain a glycerol backbone, while sphingomyelin contains a sphingosine backbone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phosphatidylserine in cell membranes?

<p>To act as a signal for apoptosis and blood clotting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of sphingophospholipids?

<p>They contain a long-chain amino alcohol called sphingosine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phosphatidylcholine in cell membranes?

<p>To provide structural integrity and fluidity to the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the structure of phospholipids is correct?

<p>The hydrophobic tails are composed of fatty acids or fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sphingomyelin in cell membranes?

<p>To regulate membrane curvature and fluidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane and important for blood clotting?

<p>Cardiolipin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is involved in inflammatory cell activation, platelet aggregation, and hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions?

<p>Platelet-activating factor (PAF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the synthesis of glycerophospholipids primarily occur?

<p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids?

<p>Joining of fatty acyl-CoA and glycerol-3-phosphate to form phosphatidic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is a major component of the plasma membrane and is involved in cell signaling?

<p>Phosphatidylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is primarily found in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and is involved in apoptosis?

<p>Phosphatidylserine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of hydrophobic molecules such as lipids?

<p>They are insoluble in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fatty acid nomenclature, the number of double bonds is indicated by which term?

<p>Omega position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid that must be obtained from the diet?

<p>Linoleic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of phospholipids in biological membranes?

<p>Structural component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the synthesis of phospholipids primarily take place in cells?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves breaking down phospholipids into their constituent molecules?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structural component of sphingophospholipids?

<p>Sphingosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural difference between glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin?

<p>Glycerophospholipids have a glycerol backbone, while sphingomyelin has a sphingosine backbone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is involved in inflammatory cell activation, platelet aggregation, and hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions?

<p>Platelet-activating factor (PAF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the synthesis of glycerophospholipids primarily occur?

<p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phosphatidylserine in cell membranes?

<p>Providing a recognition signal for apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phospholipid is a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane and important for blood clotting?

<p>Cardiolipin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids?

<p>ω-6 fatty acids have double bonds starting at the 6th carbon from the methyl end, while ω-3 fatty acids have double bonds starting at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids?

<p>They must be obtained from dietary sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in cell membranes?

<p>To provide structural integrity and fluidity to the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key structural component of glycerophospholipids?

<p>Glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sphingomyelin, a type of sphingophospholipid, in cell membranes?

<p>To provide structural integrity and fluidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

<p>They are typically solid at room temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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