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Questions and Answers
What is the IUPAC name for Laurate/ic acid?
What is the IUPAC name for Laurate/ic acid?
Which fatty acid has the highest melting point?
Which fatty acid has the highest melting point?
Which of the following unsaturated fatty acids has a melting point above zero degrees Celsius?
Which of the following unsaturated fatty acids has a melting point above zero degrees Celsius?
What effect does an increase in chain length have on the melting point of fatty acids?
What effect does an increase in chain length have on the melting point of fatty acids?
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Which compound is the IUPAC name for Timnodonate?
Which compound is the IUPAC name for Timnodonate?
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What characteristic of fatty acids is attributed to their amphipathic nature?
What characteristic of fatty acids is attributed to their amphipathic nature?
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Which fatty acid has the common name of Arachidate/ic acid?
Which fatty acid has the common name of Arachidate/ic acid?
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How much more energy can 1g of TAG store compared to 1g of glycogen?
How much more energy can 1g of TAG store compared to 1g of glycogen?
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Which saturated fatty acid corresponds to the IUPAC name Tetracosanate/ic acid?
Which saturated fatty acid corresponds to the IUPAC name Tetracosanate/ic acid?
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Which statement is true about the solubility of neutral fats?
Which statement is true about the solubility of neutral fats?
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What effect does increasing saturation in fatty acids have on melting points?
What effect does increasing saturation in fatty acids have on melting points?
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Which fatty acids are predominantly found in animal fats?
Which fatty acids are predominantly found in animal fats?
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What is a common process used to increase the saturation of vegetable oils?
What is a common process used to increase the saturation of vegetable oils?
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What causes oxidative rancidity in fats?
What causes oxidative rancidity in fats?
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Which method is NOT a way to hydrolyze TAGs?
Which method is NOT a way to hydrolyze TAGs?
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What is one consequence of rancidity in fats?
What is one consequence of rancidity in fats?
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What is the primary reason PUFAs in vegetable oils are readily oxidized?
What is the primary reason PUFAs in vegetable oils are readily oxidized?
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Which antioxidants are commonly added to vegetable oils high in PUFAs to prevent rancidity?
Which antioxidants are commonly added to vegetable oils high in PUFAs to prevent rancidity?
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What does a high iodine number in fats and oils indicate?
What does a high iodine number in fats and oils indicate?
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How is the acid number of a fat or oil defined?
How is the acid number of a fat or oil defined?
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What type of substances are waxes primarily classified as?
What type of substances are waxes primarily classified as?
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What function do waxes serve in plants?
What function do waxes serve in plants?
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What is the primary difference in melting points between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the primary difference in melting points between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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Why are waxes of biological origin commercially important?
Why are waxes of biological origin commercially important?
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Which of the following fatty acids is classified as an essential fatty acid?
Which of the following fatty acids is classified as an essential fatty acid?
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What is a characteristic feature of beeswax?
What is a characteristic feature of beeswax?
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What is the effect of unsaturation on the fluidity of biological membranes?
What is the effect of unsaturation on the fluidity of biological membranes?
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Which type of fatty acids can the body synthesize from glucose oxidation products?
Which type of fatty acids can the body synthesize from glucose oxidation products?
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Which of the following statements about monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) is true?
Which of the following statements about monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) is true?
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What role do essential fatty acids play in the body?
What role do essential fatty acids play in the body?
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Which fatty acid is considered semi-essential, requiring essential fatty acids for its synthesis?
Which fatty acid is considered semi-essential, requiring essential fatty acids for its synthesis?
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What is a characteristic feature of unsaturated fatty acids in terms of structure?
What is a characteristic feature of unsaturated fatty acids in terms of structure?
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What is the simplest glycerophospholipid?
What is the simplest glycerophospholipid?
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Which of the following glycerophospholipids is also known as lecithin?
Which of the following glycerophospholipids is also known as lecithin?
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Which alcoholic moiety is associated with Phosphatidylserine?
Which alcoholic moiety is associated with Phosphatidylserine?
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What is the main function of cardiolipin in the mitochondria?
What is the main function of cardiolipin in the mitochondria?
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Which fatty acids are typically found in phosphatidylinositol?
Which fatty acids are typically found in phosphatidylinositol?
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Which glycerophospholipid is primarily located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which glycerophospholipid is primarily located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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What happens to levels of cardiolipin that decrease in mitochondrial membranes?
What happens to levels of cardiolipin that decrease in mitochondrial membranes?
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Glycerophospholipids are continuously degraded and replaced by which of the following?
Glycerophospholipids are continuously degraded and replaced by which of the following?
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Study Notes
Fatty Acid Chemistry
- Fatty Acids are comprised of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.
- Saturated Fatty Acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while Unsaturated Fatty Acids have at least one double bond.
- Melting Point of fatty acids increases with increasing chain length and decreases with increasing degree of unsaturation.
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Essential Fatty Acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.
- Linolenic acid (omega 3) and Linoleic acid (omega 6) are essential fatty acids
- Arachidonic acid is semi-essential, as it can be synthesized from linoleic acid.
- Non-Essential Fatty Acids can be synthesized by the body.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)
- Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids are crucial components of cell membranes.
- Omega 3: Critical for brain function, vision and heart health. It helps reduce inflammation.
- Omega 6: Supports skin health, hair growth, and bone development.
Functions of Essential Fatty Acids
- Essential Fatty acids are incorporated into phospholipids, which are critical for the structure and function of cell membranes.
- They are precursors to eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which play a role in a variety of physiological process such as inflammation, blood clotting, and pain.
- Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are powerful biological mediators involved in many physiological processes including regulation of blood pressure and inflammation.
Fatty Acid Degradation
- Oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria.
- Beta-oxidation (is a metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used for energy production in the citric acid cycle).
Characterization of Fats
- Acid Number: Measures the amount of free fatty acids in a sample.
- Saponification Number: Measures the amount of alkali needed to saponify a specific amount of fat or oil. Provides information on the average molecular weight; higher saponification number generally indicates shorter chain fatty acids.
- Iodine Number: Measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or oil.
- Acetyl number: Measures the amount of free hydroxyl groups in a fat or oil; higher acetyl number indicates increased free hydroxyls.
Waxes
- Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- They are highly insoluble in water, making them water-repellent.
- Waxes are used for protection, insulation, and energy storage.
Neutral Fats (TAGs)
- TAGs (triacylglycerols) are the most common form of fat storage.
- TAGs are esters of glycerol with three fatty acids.
- Neutral fats are composed of a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid chains.
- TAGs are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
- Melting point is determined by chain length and degree of saturation. Short chains and unsaturated fats lead to lower melting points.
Chemical Properties of Triglycerides
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Hydrolysis: Triglycerides can be broken down by hydrolysis (using water with heat, acid or alkali), or with enzymes (esterases/lipases).
- Saponification (hydrolysis using alkali) is used to make soaps.
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Hydrogenation: Unsaturated fatty acids can be converted to saturated fatty acids through hydrogenation.
- This process is used to create margarines.
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Rancidity: Fats and oils can become rancid, developing an unpleasant smell and taste due to:
- Hydrolytic Rancidity: Breaking down TAGs into free fatty acids and glycerol; enzymes and water are involved.
- Oxidative Rancidity: Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, forming peroxides and aldehydes.
Glycerophospholipids
- Glycerophospholipids have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to the third carbon atom.
- The phosphate group can be further linked to different head groups.
- Varying the head group results in different types of glycerophospholipids.
- Amphiphilic molecules with a polar head and non-polar tail.
- Phosphatidylcholine (PC) [Lecithin] is a key component of cell membranes and involved in neurotransmission
- Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is another major component of cell membranes, particularly in the brain.
- Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a key regulator of various cellular processes and is involved in blood clotting.
- Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and plays a role in respiration and membrane fusion.
- Phosphatidylinositol (PI) acts as a signaling molecule involved in various cellular functions.
- Cardiolipin (Diphosphatidylglycerol) is a major phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, essential for mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.
- Phospholipases (enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds in glycerophospholipids, breaking them down into their components).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of fatty acids, including their composition, types (saturated and unsaturated), and the significance of essential fatty acids like Omega 3 and Omega 6. It also discusses their health benefits and the importance of obtaining them through diet.
