The cell - cell diversity
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Questions and Answers

Where do fatty acid breakdowns occur in yeast and plant cells?

  • Peroxisomes (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuoles

    • What is the function of catalase in peroxisomes?

  • Production of ATP
  • Breakdown of fatty acids
  • Defense against hydrogen peroxide (correct)
  • Storage of substances

    • What is the structure of mitochondria?

  • Double membrane with cristae (correct)
  • Triple membrane with cristae
  • Single membrane without cristae
  • Single membrane with cristae

    • What is the function of cristae in mitochondria?

    <p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peroxisomes in animal cells?

    <p>Breakdown of fatty acids and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vacuoles and vesicles?

    <p>Membranous sacs that store substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fatty acid breakdowns occur in animal cells?

    <p>In both mitochondria and peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplasts?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Nitrogen fixing bacteria like Nostoc pruniforme 2?

    <p>To fix atmospheric nitrogen under anoxic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>To facilitate photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of archaea is known for producing methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>To facilitate communication between the nucleus and cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of fungal cell walls?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of actin filaments in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>To interact with motor molecules, such as myosin, to maintain cellular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

    <p>To assemble ribosomal subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant cell walls?

    <p>To form the interface between adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>To maintain the shape of the cell and act as tracks for organelle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Sequestration of Ca2+ from the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leucoplasts in plant cells?

    <p>To store food such as starches, proteins, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Halophiles?

    <p>They are found in environments with high salt concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the outer nuclear membrane?

    <p>To be continuous with the membrane of Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>To accommodate increasing cellular size during growth phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vesicles in plant cells?

    <p>To carry membrane components and soluble proteins between cell components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Post-translational modification of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vesicle is involved in the packaging and delivery of proteins destined for extracellular release?

    <p>Exocytotic Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Fatty acid breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in terms of protein transport?

    <p>Modifying and packaging proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vesicle is involved in the storage of proteins prior to release?

    <p>Secretory Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Endosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Sorting and recycling ingested molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalase in Peroxisomes?

    <p>Defense against hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of flagella in bacteria?

    <p>Flagellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pili in bacteria?

    <p>To facilitate DNA transfer between bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemo-heterotrophs obtain energy?

    <p>By consuming organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the flow of hydrogen ions through the complex in bacterial movement?

    <p>It allows the bacteria to swim (chemotaxis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fimbriae in bacteria?

    <p>To allow bacteria to swim (chemotaxis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do photo-heterotrophs, like Rhodobacter sphaeroides, obtain energy?

    <p>By using light energy, but not carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of genetic diversity generated through pili in bacteria?

    <p>It allows bacteria to respond to environmental stimuli at a faster rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lithio-autotrophs, like Thiobacillus denitrificans?

    <p>They derive energy from reduced compounds of mineral origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the folded membrane within the mitochondria?

    <p>To house protein complexes that produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peroxisomes in animal cells?

    <p>To provide defense against oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the matrix in mitochondria?

    <p>To break down carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vacuoles and vesicles in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To store substances temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?

    <p>To house protein complexes that produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the outer membrane in mitochondria?

    <p>To provide a barrier for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the folded membrane within the chloroplasts?

    <p>To increase the surface area for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fluid-filled matrix in mitochondria?

    <p>To contain enzymes that break down carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Protein transport and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proteins travel from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>Via vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Lysosomes?

    <p>Protein degradation and recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>Protein modification and packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proteins travel from the Golgi Apparatus to the exterior of the cell?

    <p>Via exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Endosomes?

    <p>Protein sorting and trafficking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proteins travel from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the exterior of the cell?

    <p>Through the Golgi Apparatus and exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Organising and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Exocytotic Vesicles and Secretory Vesicles?

    <p>Exocytotic Vesicles are involved in the packaging and delivery of proteins for extracellular release, while Secretory Vesicles are involved in the storage of proteins prior to release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Endosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Sorting and recycling of ingested molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus?

    <p>A stacked curved saccule composed of membrane enclosed vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in terms of protein transport?

    <p>Organising and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vesicle is involved in the storage of proteins prior to release?

    <p>Secretory Vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in the transport of proteins?

    <p>Receives proteins and lipids from the ER and modifies them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>To communicate with cytosol and regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in protein synthesis?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major route for protein transport in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in steroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>To synthesize lipids and steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus in protein transport?

    <p>To modify and package proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vesicle is involved in the storage of proteins prior to release?

    <p>Secretory vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of endosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To sort and recycle proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leucoplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Storing food such as starches, proteins, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Supporting the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the middle lamella in plant cell walls?

    <p>Forming the outermost layer of adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of fungal cell walls?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Acting as tracks for organelle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Packaging and delivering proteins for extracellular release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Breaking down and recycling cellular waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Endosomes in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Receiving and processing external materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Structures and Organelles

    • Peroxisomes are enclosed by a single membrane and contain enzymes responsible for various metabolic reactions.
      • Contain catalase, providing defense against hydrogen peroxide and other cellular toxins like uric acid.
      • Break down fatty acids, an essential part of energy production.
    • Mitochondria:
      • Have a double membrane structure with folded inner membrane (cristae).
      • Matrix contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
      • Cristae house protein complexes that produce ATP (cellular respiration).
    • Chloroplasts:
      • Have a double membrane structure with folded inner membrane (cristae).
      • Matrix contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
      • Cristae house protein complexes that produce ATP (cellular respiration).
    • Vacuoles and Vesicles:
      • Vacuoles (large) and vesicles (small) are membranous sacs for storing substances.
      • Found in plants, they store nutrients, water, plant pigments, and toxins.
      • Vesicles bud from one membrane and fuse with another, carrying membrane components and soluble proteins.

    Plastids

    • Three types of plastids in plant cells:
      • Chloroplasts
      • Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments
      • Leucoplasts: store food such as starches, proteins, and lipids

    Cytoskeleton

    • Network of filaments and tubules that extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
    • Supports organelles and provides a structural framework for the cell.
    • Consists of:
      • Actin filaments: bundles or mesh-like networks, involved in cell shape and movement.
      • Microtubules: small hollow cylinders made of tubulin, maintaining cell shape and serving as tracks for organelle movement.
      • Intermediate filaments: ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides, supporting plasma membrane and nuclear envelope.

    Plant Cell Wall

    • Composed of three layers:
      • Primary cell wall: thin, accommodates cellular growth.
      • Secondary cell wall: begins after growth phase, hardens or thickens primary cell wall.
      • Middle lamella: pectin-rich layer, forming the outermost layer between adjacent plant cells.

    Fungal Cell Walls

    • Contain chitin, a structurally important component.

    Archaea

    • Three classifications:
      • Methanogens: produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions.
      • Halophiles: found in high-salt environments, such as the Great Salt Lake or salty soil.
      • Thermophiles: live in hot environments, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents.

    Eukaryotes

    Cyto-architecture

    • Nucleus:
      • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope).
      • Communicates with cytosol via nuclear pores.
      • Contains the main genome, DNA, and RNA synthesis.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • System of interconnected sacs and tubes of membrane.
      • Synthesizes lipids and proteins, extends across the cell.

    Flagella and Motility

    • Flagella:
      • Composed of the protein flagellin.
      • Motor proteins are buried within the basal body of the plasma membrane.
      • Flow of hydrogen ions through the complex promotes promotive force, allowing bacteria to swim (chemotaxis).
    • Fimbriae:
      • Shorter than flagella.
      • Single or in pairs.
      • Adhere to another bacterium during DNA transfer.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Receives proteins and lipids from ER, involved in post-translational modification of proteins.
    • Organizes and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other areas within the cell.
    • Transport of proteins via:
      • Exocytotic vesicles: involved in packaging and delivery of proteins destined for extracellular release.
      • Secretory vesicles: similar to exocytotic vesicles, but with variations.
      • Lysosomal vesicles: contains proteins and ribosomes destined for the lysosome, ready for degradation.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, composed of stacked curved saccules of membrane-enclosed vesicles
    • Receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for post-translational modification
    • Organizes and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other areas within the cell
    • Proteins are transported via three main ways:

    Exocytotic Vesicles

    • Involved in the packaging and delivery of proteins destined for extracellular release
    • Vesicles bud off the Golgi apparatus and move to the plasma membrane, fusing and releasing contents into the extracellular space

    Secretory Vesicles

    • Similar to exocytotic vesicles, but with variations
    • Proteins are packaged, but stored prior to release, which is mediated by cell signaling pathways

    Lysosomal Vesicles

    • Contains proteins and ribosomes destined for lysosomes, ready for degradation
    • Lysosomes and endosomes:

    Lysosomes

    • Spherical organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus, containing hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

    Endosomes

    • Sort ingested molecules, recycle some back to the plasma membrane

    Peroxisomes

    • Enclosed by a single membrane, containing enzymes for various metabolic reactions
    • Contain catalase, providing defense against hydrogen peroxide (a marker of oxidative stress)
    • Break down fatty acids, an important part of energy production

    Archea

    • Classified into three groups:

    Methanogens

    • Produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic conditions

    Halophiles

    • Found in high-salt environments, such as the Great Salt Lake or soil with high salt concentrations

    Thermophiles

    • Found in hot environments, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents

    Eukaryotes

    Cyto-architecture

    Nucleus

    • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
    • Communicates with the cytosol via nuclear pores
    • Contains the main genome, DNA, and RNA synthesis, chromatin, and ribosomal subunits

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • A system of interconnected sacs and tubes of membrane extending across the cell
    • Site of lipid and protein synthesis

    Rough ER

    • Ribosomes synthesize proteins, delivering them into the ER lumen

    Smooth ER

    • No ribosomes, highly developed for functions like steroid hormone synthesis and sequestering Ca2+ from the cytosol

    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

    Peroxisomes

    • Contain enzymes for various metabolic reactions
    • Provide defense against hydrogen peroxide and other cellular toxins
    • Break down fatty acids, an important part of energy production

    Mitochondria

    • Found in most eukaryotic cells
    • Folded membrane within an outer membrane, with cristae housing protein complexes that produce ATP (cellular respiration)

    Chloroplasts

    • Found in most eukaryotic cells
    • Folded membrane within an outer membrane, with cristae housing protein complexes that produce ATP (cellular respiration)

    Vacuoles and Vesicles

    • Membranous sacs that store substances, with vacuoles being larger and vesicles being smaller

    Cell Diversity

    Prokaryotes

    • Lack a nucleus and most organelles, found in bacteria and archaea

    Eukaryotes

    • Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals

    Origin of Life

    • Believed to have originated from a common ancestor
    • Evolved into prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes
    • Eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and later, chloroplasts in plants
    • Similarities in mitochondria and chloroplasts across eukaryotes suggest a common origin

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    Cell Diversity - Biology Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the breakdown of fatty acids in yeasts, plant cells, and animal cells, including the role of peroxisomes and mitochondria. It also touches on the structure and function of peroxisomes and their defense against oxidative stress.

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