Questions and Answers
Describe why hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
Water molecules are polar; oxygen atoms are more electronegative than hydrogen atoms, causing oxygen to attract hydrogen atoms of other molecules, creating a weak hydrogen bond.
Discuss the structural components of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with the molecular format CH2On. Polymers are chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage.
Identify two examples of carbohydrates and describe their function.
Glucose is a major energy source for living things; starch serves as a plant storage form of energy.
Explain the process that joins two polymers together from monomer units.
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Identify 3 macromolecules that are components of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell and discuss the structure and function of each.
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Describe smaller units and how they assemble into larger units, mentioning one major function of these larger organized structures.
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Explain how estrogen molecules are able to go through the plasma membrane.
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Explain how the properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding affect its biological function.
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Describe the composition of macromolecules required by living organisms.
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Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect them in biological macromolecules.
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Why is the inner layer in mitochondria and individual chloroplasts so important?
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Study Notes
Hydrogen Bonds in Water
- Water molecules consist of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, forming a covalent bond.
- Water is polar; oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, contributing to the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Structural Components of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the general formula CH2On.
- Polymers are formed by chains of monosaccharides linked through glycosidic bonds.
- Hydroxyl groups attach to each carbon; one carbon typically has a carboxyl group.
- Common carbohydrates include glucose (major energy source), fructose, and galactose.
- Starch serves as the storage form of energy in plants; cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.
- Glycogen functions as short-term energy storage in animals; chitin is used for structural purposes.
- Monomers are joined through dehydration synthesis, which removes water molecules to form covalent bonds.
Macromolecules in Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic "heads" and hydrophobic "tails," forming a bilayer that is selectively permeable.
- Cholesterol is embedded in the membrane, enhancing fluidity and stability.
- Integral proteins span the membrane, participating in transport and signal transduction.
Enzymes as Proteins
- Enzymes are proteins made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming polypeptides.
- The sequence of amino acids determines the primary structure, which folds into a tertiary structure to create the enzyme's active site.
- Enzymes function to lower activation energy for chemical reactions.
Estrogen and Membrane Permeability
- Estrogen can pass through the plasma membrane due to its semi-permeable nature and the presence of spaces between the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids.
Properties of Water
- Water’s polarity allows for hydrogen bonding, leading to cohesiveness (water molecules sticking to each other), adhesion (sticking to other substances), and high surface tension.
- Its solvent properties make water crucial for biological functions.
Composition of Biological Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are essential for life and include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, each composed of specific monomers.
Monomers and Bond Formation
- Monomers, or single subunits, combine through dehydration synthesis, forming polymers by excluding water during bonding.
Importance of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Membranes
- The inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are rich in proteins for electron transport and ATP synthesis.
- A larger surface area facilitates increased ATP production through enhanced enzymatic reactions.
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Description
Test your understanding of hydrogen bonds and water molecules with these flashcards from Unit 1. Explore how polarity in water leads to these essential interactions and improve your grasp on fundamental concepts in chemistry.