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Questions and Answers
What type of bond exists within a water molecule?
What type of bond exists within a water molecule?
- Polar covalent bond (correct)
- Metallic bond
- Ionic bond
- Hydrogen bond
How do hydrogen bonds affect the movement of water in plants?
How do hydrogen bonds affect the movement of water in plants?
- They reduce water's surface tension.
- They weaken the cohesion of water molecules.
- They allow water to move up the xylem. (correct)
- They prevent water from evaporating.
Which property of water allows water striders to live on its surface?
Which property of water allows water striders to live on its surface?
- Buoyancy
- Viscosity
- Cohesion (correct)
- Adhesion
What is the molecular geometry of a water molecule?
What is the molecular geometry of a water molecule?
What happens to the cohesive properties of water when it is heated?
What happens to the cohesive properties of water when it is heated?
Which delta symbols (δ+ and δ-) represent in a water molecule?
Which delta symbols (δ+ and δ-) represent in a water molecule?
What demonstrates the principle of cohesion when discussing water on a coin?
What demonstrates the principle of cohesion when discussing water on a coin?
What drives the upward movement of water from roots to leaves in plants?
What drives the upward movement of water from roots to leaves in plants?
What is the reason Earth can retain liquid water and water vapor?
What is the reason Earth can retain liquid water and water vapor?
What factor allows Earth to experience a suitable temperature for the water cycle?
What factor allows Earth to experience a suitable temperature for the water cycle?
Which of the following statements about Earth's moon is true regarding water retention?
Which of the following statements about Earth's moon is true regarding water retention?
What is the significance of the term 'Goldilocks Zone'?
What is the significance of the term 'Goldilocks Zone'?
Which of the following is essential for life to exist on planets?
Which of the following is essential for life to exist on planets?
What is the significance of water having a high specific heat capacity?
What is the significance of water having a high specific heat capacity?
What property of water allows it to stop fish from dying when a lake freezes over?
What property of water allows it to stop fish from dying when a lake freezes over?
How does the high latent heat of evaporation benefit organisms?
How does the high latent heat of evaporation benefit organisms?
In terms of thermal conductivity, how does water compare to air?
In terms of thermal conductivity, how does water compare to air?
How do saltwater fishes obtain necessary minerals like nitrates and magnesium?
How do saltwater fishes obtain necessary minerals like nitrates and magnesium?
What property of water explains why ice floats on liquid water?
What property of water explains why ice floats on liquid water?
What characteristic of water enables most biological reactions to occur?
What characteristic of water enables most biological reactions to occur?
Which of the following properties of water is responsible for its ability to absorb and retain heat?
Which of the following properties of water is responsible for its ability to absorb and retain heat?
Why do organisms need mechanisms like blubber when in water?
Why do organisms need mechanisms like blubber when in water?
Why is water's polarity important for its function in living organisms?
Why is water's polarity important for its function in living organisms?
What effect does water's high latent heat of evaporation have on temperature regulation in animals?
What effect does water's high latent heat of evaporation have on temperature regulation in animals?
Which of the following features of water contributes to its solvent capabilities?
Which of the following features of water contributes to its solvent capabilities?
How does the specific heat capacity of water benefit aquatic organisms?
How does the specific heat capacity of water benefit aquatic organisms?
What role does water's transparency play in aquatic ecosystems?
What role does water's transparency play in aquatic ecosystems?
What is a consequence of water's high thermal conductivity for warm-blooded organisms?
What is a consequence of water's high thermal conductivity for warm-blooded organisms?
Why is the buoyancy of ice important for aquatic life?
Why is the buoyancy of ice important for aquatic life?
What prevented water from being present on Earth during its formation?
What prevented water from being present on Earth during its formation?
From where is it believed that Earth's water primarily originated?
From where is it believed that Earth's water primarily originated?
Why does Earth not lose its water over time?
Why does Earth not lose its water over time?
What was a significant factor in the formation of water on Earth?
What was a significant factor in the formation of water on Earth?
What role did carbonaceous chondrites play in Earth's water origin?
What role did carbonaceous chondrites play in Earth's water origin?
During what period did Earth likely acquire most of its water?
During what period did Earth likely acquire most of its water?
What effect did solar winds have on water during Earth's formation?
What effect did solar winds have on water during Earth's formation?
What is the main reason Earth did not retain solid water (ice) when it first formed?
What is the main reason Earth did not retain solid water (ice) when it first formed?
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Study Notes
Structure of Hydrogen and Oxygen Atoms
- Hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron; it has no overall charge.
- Oxygen atom contains eight protons and eight electrons; it is also neutral overall.
Water Molecule Structure
- A water molecule (H₂O) is formed by two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
- Oxygen has a partial negative charge (δ-) while hydrogen has a partial positive charge (δ+), creating a polar molecule.
- Electrons in a water molecule are not shared equally, leading to polarization and hydrogen bonding capabilities.
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
- Water molecules are attracted to one another, forming hydrogen bonds that are responsible for water's unique properties.
- Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecules.
Cohesion in Water
- Cohesion refers to water molecules' attraction to each other, leading to surface tension and dome shapes when droplets are placed on surfaces.
- Important for xylem transport in plants, as water columns move upward through cohesion.
Surface Tension
- High surface tension allows organisms, like water striders, to live on the surface without sinking.
- Surface tension must be overcome for objects to penetrate the water surface.
Water Transport in Plants
- Water moves continuously through xylem tubes, assisted by cohesion during transpiration when water evaporates from leaves, effectively pulling more water upward.
Blood as a Transport Medium
- Blood, being a water-based liquid, efficiently transports oxygen, glucose, and minerals while also removing waste products.
Physical Properties of Water
- Wide temperature range for liquid existence; high specific heat helps stabilize environments against rapid temperature changes.
- Ice is less dense than liquid water, leading to buoyancy and insulation of aquatic life underneath frozen lakes.
- High latent heat of evaporation provides cooling through sweating, as breaking hydrogen bonds requires significant energy.
Thermal Conductivity
- Water has high thermal conductivity, allowing heat transfer efficiently compared to air which can lead to heat loss in warm-blooded organisms.
Solvent Properties
- Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many substances, making it an effective medium for biological reactions; nutrients and minerals are easily transported in water.
Origin of Water on Earth
- Early Earth was too hot for liquid water; water as ice formed in outer solar system and was transported via asteroids and comets.
- Earth's gravity retains its water, and its position in the Goldilocks Zone allows for liquid water to exist and participate in the water cycle.
Importance of Water in Life
- Essential for life, with properties such as cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and being an excellent solvent supporting various biological processes.
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