Questions and Answers
What are the two dimensions of parenting discussed in the text?
Psychological Control and Behavioural Control
Which parenting style is associated with children being more responsible, self-disciplined, and prosocial?
Authoritative
Which parenting style is described as having lots of anger, leading to low self-esteem in children according to the text?
Authoritarian
Which parental behavior involves not just giving instructions but also providing emotional information to children?
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What does negative reinforcement involve?
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In which type of reinforcement does the behavior increase because the child knows that sometimes it works?
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What is the main purpose of punishment according to the text?
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Which parental response leads to children seeing punishment as more of a correction rather than a personal attack?
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What is the purpose of 'time-out' as a disciplinary technique?
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How does parental conflict primarily affect children, according to the text?
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Study Notes
The Family System
- Members of the family exert mutual influence over each other
- The family unit is influenced by outside forces
- The influence of family on development is dynamic and multidimensional
Dimensions of Parenting
- Two dimensions of parenting: warmth and responsiveness, and control
- Warmth and responsiveness refers to either caring or not caring
- Control refers to either controlling everything or nothing
- Psychological control involves control through manipulation
- Behavioural control involves control through rules and limits
- Children in Canada tend to do better with parents who are highly warm and moderately controlling
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: high control, low warmth, leading to unhappy, angry children with low self-esteem
- Authoritative: moderate control, high warmth, leading to responsible, self-disciplined, independent, and socially skilled children
- Permissive: low control, high warmth, leading to impulsive children with difficulty regulating emotions
- Uninvolved: low control, low warmth, leading to angry and aggressive children with issues with delayed gratification and coping skills
- Traditional: high control, high warmth, often seen in certain cultures and individuals
- Lower socioeconomic status families tend to exert more control, while educated parents tend to gravitate towards authoritative style
Parental Behaviours
- Direct instruction involves not just instruction but also emotional information, leading to better social skills in children
- Observational learning/modelling involves children learning from parents' behaviour, such as inviting others to play
- Counter-imitation involves learning not to do certain things and learning from the consequences of others' actions
- Feedback involves reinforcement, negative reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement, and punishment
- Reinforcement involves rewarding desired behaviour
- Negative reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant
- Intermittent reinforcement involves not always rewarding desired behaviour, leading to increased behaviour
- Punishment involves giving consequences, such as chores or taking away privileges
- Punishment should be immediate, accompanied by explanation and suggestions for improvement
- Extreme discipline is ineffective and can lead to substance abuse and depression
Influence of the Marital Relationship
- Parental conflict makes children feel anxious, withdrawn, and sometimes angry
- Some children may learn conflict behaviours from their parents
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