Family Planning and Infertility Overview

Study Notes

Involuntary pregnancy prevention involves individual and social implications, concerning contraception.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) rise helps determine a woman's fertile period.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) isn't a permanent contraceptive for postpartum women.
Length of the LAM method is limited.
Progestin-only pills (POPs) are suitable for breastfeeding women.
Non-breastfeeding postpartum women should delay combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) for 3 weeks post-delivery.
Copper Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are long-acting and reversible.
Combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) should not have breaks between packs.
Progestin-only pills (POPs) should not have breaks between packs.
Symptothermal method involves noting changes in cervical mucus and BBT.

Infertility and sterility are not synonymous; sterility is always associated with infertility.
In combined infertility, the egg may not be released at the optimal time.
High vaginal pH can contribute to female infertility.
Absence of alpha-glucoside oxidase in semen suggests obstructive azoospermia.
Males should abstain from sexual activity for 2-3 days before semen analysis.
Normal semen has an acidic reaction.
Progesterone level drop may cause ovulation bleeding.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) evaluates the uterine cavity.
Primary infertility lacks pregnancy history.
Secondary infertility follows a pregnancy.
Combined infertility encompasses multiple contributing factors.
Unexplained infertility lacks identifiable causes.
Common male health issues that may affect general examinations include hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), urinary tract infection (UTI), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Primary infertility investigation may not show abnormalities.
Secondary, combined, and unexplained infertility are other types of infertility.

Irregular cycles are sometimes ovulatory.
Ovulation pain absence is a symptom of ovulation.
Spasmodic dysmenorrhea is a symptom of irregular cycles.
Ovulation pain can be present in the absence of ovulation.
All previously mentioned symptoms may or may not be associated with ovulation.
Infertility can be categorized into primary, secondary, combined, and unexplained types.

Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle, ending reproductive life.
Postmenopause is the first stage of the climacteric, characterized by declining fertility and irregular menses.
The average age range for menopause is 50 years.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is not a cause of delayed menopause.
Estrogen replacement therapy may help manage menopausal symptoms.
Menopause reassurance may be part of a treatment plan.
Avoiding triggers for hot flashes and increasing calcium intake may help in menopause cases.
Estrogen should not be given alone if the uterus is still present.
Climacteric is the gradual transition from reproductive to non-reproductive state.
Post-menopause involves the reproductive phase transition completion.
Typical menopause signs/symptoms include palpitations, hot flashes, night sweats, headache, and depression.
Normal menopause, premature menopause, delayed menopause, and artificial menopause are common in women.

The exact cause of PCOS is unknown.
PCOS is characterized by the ovaries producing an abnormal amount of estrogen.
Hormonal therapy with contraceptive effects may be indicated for PCOS.
The incidence of PCOS ranges from 5%-30%.
Common characteristics include weight gain and menstrual abnormalities.
PCOS management includes restoring regular menstruation, but it may not always include restoring fertility.
Possible causes of PCOS include heredity, excess insulin, and obesity.
Symptoms include menstrual irregularity, elevated androgens, infertility, and type 2 diabetes.
The impact of PCOS on pregnancy may increase risks of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, increased blood pressure, and premature delivery.
The complications of PCOS can include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, uterine cancer, and infertility.