Fall Final Exam Study Aid 2024

A way of looking at or understanding something, influenced by one's background, beliefs, and experiences.

Direct accounts of events created by people who were present or involved, such as diaries, letters, or artifacts.

Accounts of events created by people who were not present or involved, based on primary sources, such as historical books or articles.

A framework for analyzing historical sources: Historical Context, Intended Audience, Purpose, Point of View, and Outside Information.

The exchange of goods and services, often between different regions or cultures.

The blending of different cultural practices and beliefs, resulting in new hybrid traditions.

The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year, a measure of economic activity.

A network of ancient trade routes connecting East Asia and Europe, facilitating exchange of goods, ideas, and culture.

The emergence of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century, based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad.

A tax levied on non-Muslim subjects of Islamic empires, allowing them to practice their own religion in exchange for protection.

The Mughal Empire, while primarily Muslim, was known for its religious tolerance, particularly under rulers like Akbar, who fostered accepting different religions.

The Mughal Empire grew through military conquest, expanding its control over much of India. However, later they faced weakening due to external pressures and isolation.

The Ming Dynasty participated in extensive trade networks, both within Asia and with Europe.

The Tokugawa Shogunate implemented strict isolationist policies, limiting foreign trade and cultural exchange to protect Japanese identity and stability.

Various factors motivated European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, including a desire for new trade routes, wealth, and expansion, as well as a thirst for adventure and knowledge.

The arrival of European explorers, driven by economic ambitions, marked a significant shift in global power, gradually transferring wealth and influence away from Muslim empires and towards European nations.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas) following the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Prior to 1500, wealth, power, and trade were unevenly distributed across the globe, with certain regions, such as Muslim empires, holding considerable economic and political advantage.

A period of major scientific advancements during the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by a shift from traditional beliefs to a focus on observation, experimentation, and reason.

An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and progress. Philosophers applied scientific methods and principles to society and politics.

A systematic approach to inquiry and experimentation that involves observing, formulating hypotheses, testing, and drawing conclusions.

A philosophical idea that states that individuals voluntarily give up some of their freedoms in exchange for the benefits of living in a society with rules and laws.

The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and logic was strongly influenced by the Scientific Revolution, which emphasized observation, experimentation, and questioning traditional beliefs.

The Enlightenment emerged as a response to the perceived injustices and limitations of absolute monarchies and feudal systems. People sought a more rational and equitable way to govern.

Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau boldly challenged traditional authority structures based on birthright and divine right. They advocated for secular governance and individual rights.

Central to the Enlightenment were the values of liberty (freedom from tyranny), equality (equal rights for all), reason (using logic and evidence), progress (improving society), and secularism (separation of church and state).

The American Revolution was deeply influenced by Enlightenment ideas, specifically those of John Locke who argued for natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and the right to self-governance.

The French Revolution progressed through three phases: Moderate (attempting reforms), Radical (Reign of Terror), and Conservative (rise of Napoleon). Its trajectory shifted from seeking change within existing structures to revolutionary upheaval and ultimately back towards stability.

The French Revolution sought to establish ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These were expressed through reforms like the Declaration of the Rights of Man. However, the ideals were undermined by the Reign of Terror's violence and Napoleon's authoritarian rule.

Napoleon's rise to power was fueled by the chaos of the French Revolution. While he spread revolutionary reforms like legal equality, he eventually betrayed the ideals by becoming Emperor and suppressing democracy.

An economic system where private individuals own and control means of production, aiming for profit. It encourages competition and free markets.

A critique of capitalism, advocating for a classless society with no private property, arguing that capitalism leads to inequality and exploitation.

An economic system where major industries are owned and controlled by the workers, rather than private businesses.

A movement that advocates for equal rights and opportunities for women, challenging traditional gender roles and societal inequalities.

A political philosophy that rejects all forms of hierarchy and seeks a society without government or other external control.

The expansion of a nation's power and influence through the acquisition of colonies and territories, often through military force and political control.

A discredited theory that applied Darwinian concepts of natural selection to human societies, justifying racial hierarchy and imperialism.

A period in the late 19th century where European powers rapidly colonized and divided Africa among themselves, fueled by competition for resources and influence.

The Haitian Revolution was unique because it was the first successful slave revolt that resulted in an independent state. It also significantly extended rights to formerly enslaved people, granting them citizenship and freedoms.

Nationalism was a powerful force in the Revolutions of the 1800s. It fueled independence movements, where people identified with their shared culture and sought autonomy. It also drove unification efforts, as seen in the formation of Italy and Germany.

Enlightenment ideals, promoting self-determination and individual rights, inspired revolutionary movements. Nationalism, emphasizing shared culture and identity, also played a key role in uniting people and regions. These ideas contributed to the unification of Italy under leaders like Garibaldi and Germany under Bismarck.

Small-scale production of goods, typically done by families at home, using simple tools and techniques.

A method of production where goods are manufactured in large buildings (factories) using specialized machines and a division of labor.

The rapid growth of cities as people move from rural areas to urban centers, often driven by the availability of jobs in factories.

The production of cloth or fabric, often using machinery like the water frame and power loom, played a central role in the Industrial Revolution.

A cheap and efficient method for making steel by removing impurities from iron. This allowed for mass production of steel, transforming construction, infrastructure, and manufacturing.