Fall Final Exam Study Aid 2024

The transfer of goods, plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Europe following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

A person of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

We study history to understand our development as a people, learn from past mistakes, and gain valuable insights for the present and future.

Perspective shapes our interpretation of historical events. Different viewpoints can lead to different understandings and interpretations of the past.

First-hand accounts of events, such as diaries, letters, photographs, and artifacts. They provide direct insight into the past.

Accounts of events written by someone who did not directly experience them, like textbooks, biographies, or articles. They analyze and synthesize primary sources.

The rise of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula was influenced by trade, social structure, and religious appeal.

Islam spread rapidly through trade, conquest, and missionary work.

Empires that used gunpowder technology for military dominance, expansion, and control.

A powerful empire controlling trade routes between Europe and Asia, known for cultural blending and a multi-religious society.

The fusion of local and foreign traditions in empires like the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal, creating unique cultural expressions.

A dynasty that ruled India, promoting trade and blending Persian and Indian cultures.

Empires like the Ottomans and Mughals controlled trade routes, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.

Gunpowder empires, like the Ottomans, were often multi-religious, with a dominant faith influencing society and interactions.

Gunpowder empires expanded their territories but could eventually face isolation due to overstretch or conflict.

Gunpowder empires often had a dominant identity, influenced by both the ruling culture and conquered societies.

An economic system where private individuals own and control the means of production, aiming to make profits.

A philosophy criticizing capitalism's uneven wealth distribution, advocating for a classless society without private property.

An economic system where major industries are owned and controlled by workers, not private businesses.

The expansion of a nation's power and influence over other territories, often through military force or political dominance.

A pseudoscientific theory used to justify imperialism, claiming European superiority based on a distorted interpretation of Darwin's theory.

A period (1880-1930) where European powers rapidly colonized Africa, exploiting its resources and people.

A period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan following the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

A Belgian colony in Central Africa known for its brutal exploitation of resources and people under King Leopold II.

A period of European colonization focused on extracting wealth, promoting mercantilism and trade, spreading religion, and funding interstate wars.

A period of European colonization focused on increasing the supply of raw materials and creating new markets for mass-produced goods.

The belief in European superiority was used to justify imperial expansion, arguing that stronger nations were naturally destined to dominate weaker ones.

Extreme national pride and the prioritization of one's nation's goals fueled competition between European powers, leading to imperial expansion.

European powers aggressively competed for colonies in Africa, disregarding the local populations and their interests.

Imperialism in Africa and Asia resulted in the exploitation of resources, forced labor, and the loss of governance for colonized peoples.

Imperialism led to political instability, economic dependence, and cultural loss in colonized areas, creating lasting challenges for newly independent nations.

Many colonized peoples resisted European imperialism through various means, including armed rebellion, passive resistance, and cultural preservation. While some movements were successful in achieving specific goals, many ultimately failed to prevent colonization.

African resistance movements frequently faced a significant disadvantage due to the superior weaponry possessed by the British Empire. This disparity in military technology often resulted in the suppression of these rebellions.

The Ethiopian resistance movement, led by Emperor Menelik II, successfully repelled an Italian invasion in the Battle of Adwa, demonstrating the possibility of successful resistance against European powers with strategic planning and tactical brilliance.

The 19th century witnessed a surge in diverse ideologies, often labeled as '-isms,' sparked by significant societal changes including the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. These ideologies addressed the emerging social, political, and economic challenges of the era.

Several 'isms' played a crucial role in the revolutionary movements of the 19th century. Nationalism often fueled independence movements, liberalism pushed for reforms and change, while socialism focused on worker rights and social justice.

Despite the popularity of several ideologies during the 19th century, certain 'isms' like Feminism and Anarchism faced limited support, primarily due to prevailing social norms and political realities of the time.

A comprehensive set of French civil laws established by Napoleon Bonaparte. It standardized legal practices, promoted equality before the law, and emphasized individual rights.

Napoleon's military organizational structure, which divided the army into smaller, self-sufficient units. This allowed for greater mobility and efficiency.

A trade blockade implemented by Napoleon to weaken Britain economically. It prohibited countries under French control from trading with the British.

A successful slave rebellion that resulted in the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation. It was the first Black republic and the first to abolish slavery.

A former slave who rose to prominence as a military leader during the Haitian Revolution. He played a key role in securing freedom for Haiti.

A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation. It is often associated with unity, self-determination, and the desire for independence.

A period of significant scientific advancements characterized by the application of reason, observation, and experimentation to the natural world.

The new scientific approach challenged reliance on ancient authorities (e.g., Aristotle, Church doctrines), replaced superstition with empirical evidence, and advocated for heliocentrism over geocentrism, challenging the established order of ideas.