Cognition & Face Recogntion
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What aspect of facial features is suggested to be recognized at a coarse level by infants?

  • Detailed wrinkles and textures
  • Subtle color variations
  • Facial symmetry
  • Coarse lines and low spatial frequency (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately describes how infants seem to perceive gender from facial features?

  • They can easily distinguish all gender expressions.
  • They show no preference for one gender over another.
  • They primarily focus on emotional cues rather than gender. (correct)
  • They prefer faces that align with traditional gender norms.

    • Which factor is believed to influence how luminance affects the perception of faces?

  • The colors used in facial patterns
  • The intensity contrast between features (correct)
  • The angle of light coming from below
  • The overall shape of the face

    • What is a common outcome of using caricatures in face recognition tasks?

    <p>Caricatures enhance recognition accuracy due to exaggerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prosopagnosia reveal about face recognition mechanisms in the brain?

    <p>It highlights that specialized systems for face recognition exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of face recognition do adults show a preference for?

    <p>Inner features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to show a tendency toward preference for inner features in face recognition?

    <p>14-15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method was used to categorize face stimuli in the study?

    <p>50 ms presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In face recognition, which spatial frequency is better at detecting expressiveness?

    <p>High frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the module responsible for face perception?

    <p>It is neurologically distinct and operates autonomously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the contrast between male and female faces?

    <p>Females show greater contrast between skin and facial features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children primarily judge similarity in faces according to the findings?

    <p>By focusing on external features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does high reliability of judgments of femininity correlate with?

    <p>Facial contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily encoded about a face during recognition?

    <p>Facial features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions are most important for face identification?

    <p>Mouth and eye regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do caricatures compare to veridical images in terms of recognition accuracy?

    <p>Caricatures are recognized more accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the understanding of facial features in recognition?

    <p>Eyes and mouth orientations affect perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Fusiform Face Area (FFA)?

    <p>It shows greater activation for faces than other objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to facial recognition ability in prosopagnosia patients?

    <p>They can recognize familiar people by other cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, what happens to their ability to recognize emotions?

    <p>It generally remains intact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is involved in face identification alongside the Fusiform Face Area?

    <p>Superior temporal sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does masking have on face recognition?

    <p>It hinders identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cortical area is specifically activated for faces in humans?

    <p>Fusiform Face Area (FFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic that differentiates faces from many other objects?

    <p>Faces convey different meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Babies under three months can recognize face features at a fine spatial frequency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual acuity does 20/20 vision indicate?

    <p>An individual can read at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can also read at 20 feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ experiment demonstrated that most babies do not crawl toward their mothers on the drop-off side.

    <p>visual cliff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following visual acuity ratios with their descriptions:

    <p>20/20 = Normal vision 10/20 = Below average vision 20/30 = Can see at 20 feet what average person sees at 30 feet 20/40 = Significantly reduced visual capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature do children tend to focus on in faces as they begin to recognize them?

    <p>Inner features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monkeys raised by humans can distinguish between new human and monkey faces after being deprived of visual exposure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the face triangle in face recognition?

    <p>Both eyes and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In face perception, infants imitate facial expressions due to a hardwired mechanism known as _______.

    <p>face proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following findings related to face recognition with the correct description:

    <p>Infants' face recognition = Focus on inner features Monkeys and human faces = Exposure improves discrimination Facial expression imitation = Hardwired mechanism Age groups in recognition = Differences in ability to recognize famous faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults correctly identified faces when inner features were blurred but outer features remained intact?

    <p>59%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children and adolescents tend to prefer inner features in face recognition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental trend is suggested about facial recognition as one matures?

    <p>From outer features to inner features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Face perception is believed to be a __________ cognitive system.

    <p>domain-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spatial frequency is better for detecting expressiveness in facial expressions?

    <p>High frequency (HSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the corresponding spatial frequency type:

    <p>Low frequency (LSF) = Coarse features, layout High frequency (HSF) = Fine lines, details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facial contrast is positively correlated with rated masculinity of male faces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to show a tendency towards preference for inner features in face recognition?

    <p>14-15 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is most affected by Alzheimer's in relation to semantic memory?

    <p>Medial temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facial expression identification is never impaired, regardless of facial recognition ability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests were administered to evaluate emotion identification in subjects?

    <p>Test 1: Facial identity, Test 2: Discrimination of facial emotion, Test 3: Emotion identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of emotions is __________, indicating that individuals see faces as either one emotion or another rather than an intermediate emotion.

    <p>categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tests with their outcomes:

    <p>Test 1 = Impaired Test 2 = Normal Test 3 = Impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of face perception, which of the following emotions was recognized linearly in the study?

    <p>Surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boundary between emotional categories is easier to detect than within the same category.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental form of communication is exemplified by facial expressions?

    <p>Emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason caricatures lead to better recognition?

    <p>They exaggerate normal features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Masked faces improve the ability to identify individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the brain area that shows greater activation for faces than other objects.

    <p>Fusiform Face Area (FFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to recognize faces while still recognizing objects is known as _____ .

    <p>prosopagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their descriptions related to prosopagnosia:

    <p>Impaired recognition of family faces = General symptom Intact visual system = No visual/perceptual disability Lesion in the right occipital/temporal lobes = Physical cause Preserved ability to recognize emotions = Counterpart ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial features are crucial for face identification?

    <p>Mouth and eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Young babies prefer face-like patterns over random patterns.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon depicts the preference for upright face orientations in recognition?

    <p>Margaret Thatcher illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition caused by lesions in the brain areas responsible for face recognition is called _____.

    <p>prosopagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do caricatures have compared to anti-caricatures in recognition tasks?

    <p>Caricatures are recognized better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Face Recognition - Adults vs. Children

    • Adults prefer inner features when recognizing faces
    • Children prefer outer features when recognizing faces
    • Adults correctly identified faces with outer features blurred, more often than inner features blurred
    • Children preferred faces with inner features blurred
    • Children fail to disregard external features when judging face similarity
    • Adolescents between 14-15 years old show a tendency to prefer inner features
    • Children and adults spend more time looking at internal facial features, but children rely on external features for similarity judgments

    Face Recognition Development

    • Infants show preference for faces and face-like patterns from birth
    • Monkeys demonstrate face discrimination, suggesting a biological mechanism for face recognition
    • Face recognition develops from recognizing outer features to inner features

    Modularity of Face Perception

    • Face recognition is a domain-specific cognitive system - a module
    • Modules are informationally encapsulated, autonomous, fast, mandatory, and neurologically distinct

    Spatial Frequency

    • High spatial frequency (HSF) processes fine lines and details
    • Low spatial frequency (LSF) processes coarse features and layout
    • Expressiveness is better detected in HSF than neutral faces
    • Actual expression (happy or sad) is better detected in LSF

    Luminance

    • Contrast between skin and facial features is greater in females, independent of ethnicity or pigmentation
    • Facial contrast is positively correlated with rated femininity of female faces

    Face Recognition Research Questions

    • Is face recognition a specialized system or an example of a general object recognition system?
    • How do we recognize faces?
    • How early in life do we prefer to look at faces?
    • What do we look at in a face?
    • How do faces communicate emotional states?
    • What is attractive about a face?
    • What does prosopagnosia tell us about face recognition?

    Infant Perception

    • Acuity (resolution) is the smallest spatial details the visual system can resolve
    • Newborns can discriminate fine lines at a distance of 1 foot
    • Faces are only recognized in coarse lines (low spatial frequency) within the first 3 months
    • Enhanced features lead to better and faster recognition

    What We Encode About Faces

    • We encode features, specifically eyes and mouth
    • Margaret Thatcher illusion proves eyes and mouth convey main facial characteristics
    • Masked faces hinder identification, with mouth and eye regions being most important for identification, expressiveness, and gender identification

    Face Area

    • The “middle face patch” in monkeys corresponds to the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) in humans
    • FFA is located in the right fusiform gyrus at the occipito-temporal area
    • FFA shows greater activation for faces than other objects
    • The right FFA shows stronger activation for faces
    • Areas involved in face identification include FFA, superior temporal sulcus (STS), lateral occipital cortex (LOC), and inferior temporal cortex (IT)

    Evidence for Modularity - Object vs. Face Recognition

    • Primates show distinct cortical areas for objects and faces
    • Babies have a strong preference for face-like patterns
    • Adults have strong FFA activation for faces, with functional and anatomical differences
    • Brain damage is selective: prosopagnosia (face recognition deficit) occurs without inanimate object agnosia

    Prosopagnosia

    • Impaired recognition of family faces, own face, and famous faces
    • Familiar people are recognized by other cues like voice, context, and description
    • Emotion recognition is preserved
    • Patients lack visual/perceptual disability
    • Ability to recognize facial features is preserved
    • Common symptom: inability to recognize animal faces
    • Ability to recognize emotions in faces is preserved
    • Lesion: generally right occipital/temporal lobes, specifically FFA
    • Covert face recognition can occur, without explicit, overt recognition

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Loss of intellectual functions
    • General deterioration of semantic systems
    • Affects temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
    • Probable Alzheimer’s Disease patients show similar patterns of dissociation between faces and emotion expression

    What is Special About a Face?

    • Faces are constantly changing and convey different meanings, unlike other objects.

    Face Recognition/Perception Research Questions

    • Researchers investigate how faces are recognized, the development of face perception, and what aspects of faces communicate emotional states.

    Infant Perception

    • Visual Acuity: Infants can discriminate coarse lines initially, with visual acuity improving over the first few months.
    • Face Discrimination: Newborns can discriminate faces based on low spatial frequencies.
    • Visual Cliff Experiment: Most 7-month-old babies hesitate to crawl towards their mothers on a "drop-off" side of the table.

    Children

    • Preference for Faces: Infants show a preference for face-like patterns within weeks of birth.
    • Focus on Features: Children focus on external facial features initially, shifting towards internal features around the age of 14-15.
    • Monkey Experiment: Monkeys deprived of face exposure in infancy can still discriminate faces, suggesting a biological predisposition for face recognition.

    Face Proprioception

    • Facial Imitation: Infants imitate facial expressions, indicating a hardwired mechanism of face proprioception.

    What Do We Look for in Faces?

    • Face Triangle: Both eyes and nose are key features.
    • Inner vs. Outer Features: Adults tend to focus more on internal facial features for recognition, while children prioritize external features.

    Recognition

    • Modularity of Face Perception: Face recognition is a domain-specific cognitive system, operating autonomously and quickly.
    • Spatial Frequency: Low spatial frequencies are associated with layout and overall features, high frequencies with finer details and expression.
    • Luminance: High contrast between skin and facial features is associated with increased femininity.
    • Enhanced Features: Caricatures, with exaggerated features, enhance recognition accuracy.

    What do We Encode About a Face?

    • Features: We encode features, particularly eyes and mouth, which convey critical information about identity and expressions.
    • Masked Face Recognition: Masking facial features hinders identification, emphasizing the importance of eyes and mouth.

    Brain Areas Involved

    • Fusiform Face Area (FFA): Located in the right fusiform gyrus, the FFA is highly responsive to faces.
    • Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS): Plays a role in processing social cues and facial expressions.
    • Lateral Occipital Cortex (LOC) and Inferotemporal Cortex (IT): Implicated in object recognition, including faces and places.

    Prosopagnosia

    • General Symptoms: Inability to recognize faces, including family members, own face, and famous people.
    • Intact Visual System: Prosopagnosia results from damage to brain areas responsible for integrating face features, not from general visual impairment.
    • Lesion Location: Usually in the right occipital/temporal lobes, including the FFA.
    • Preserved Recognition: Prosopagnosia patients can often recognize emotions in faces.

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Semantic Deterioration: Alzheimer's patients often struggle with face recognition due to general deterioration of semantic systems.
    • Emotion Recognition: Alzheimer's patients may show reduced ability to recognize emotions in faces, while still being able to identify facial features.

    Faces and Emotion Expression

    • Categorical Perception of Emotions: Emotion perception is not linear, but categorical, with differences between emotions being more easily detected at category boundaries.

    Face and Sexual Attraction

    • Attractiveness: There is a significant interest in understanding what makes a face attractive.

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    Cognition & Face Recognition PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the nuances of face recognition preferences between adults and children, including how they perceive inner and outer facial features. It also delves into the developmental aspects of face recognition and the cognitive mechanisms involved. Test your understanding of this fascinating area of psychology.

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