Face Development and Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following nerves is responsible for sensation in the skin of the upper lip?

  • Infraorbital nerve (correct)
  • Supratrochlear nerve
  • Zygomaticofacial nerve
  • Mental nerve

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)?

  • Buccal nerve
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Zygomaticotemporal nerve (correct)
  • Mental nerve

Which structures are innervated by the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

  • Skin of the face, mouth, and tongue
  • Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric
  • Sensory of the nose, teeth, and paranasal sinuses
  • All of the above (correct)

What is the typical presentation of lesions affecting the trigeminal nerve?

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of trigeminal neuralgia?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for compressing the nostrils?

<p>Nasalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression?

<p>Facial nerve (CN VII) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT a muscle of mastication?

<p>Orbicularis oculi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Buccinator muscle?

<p>Holding food in the mouth during chewing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for raising the upper lip?

<p>Levator labii superioris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bell's palsy is a condition that affects which nerve?

<p>Facial nerve (CN VII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Bell's palsy?

<p>Drooping of the angle of the mouth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the Facial nerve (CN VII)?

<p>Masseter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Orbicularis oculi muscle?

<p>Closing the eyelids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the muscles of facial expression is TRUE?

<p>They originate and insert on bones of the skull. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the upper lip?

<p>Facial artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical location of the facial artery pulse?

<p>Inferior border of the mandible, anterior to the masseter muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein is formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins?

<p>Facial vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the potential spread of infection from the face to the dural venous sinuses?

<p>The valveless nature of the facial vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lymph nodes in the face is correct?

<p>Lymph from the parotid and buccal lymph nodes drains into submandibular, submental, and deep cervical lymph nodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

<p>Stapes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper cheek region?

<p>Maxillary nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the superficial fascia of the face is CORRECT?

<p>It encloses blood vessels and nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the skin on the eyelids?

<p>It is thin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frontonasal process gives rise to which of these structures?

<p>Philtrum of the upper lip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of the facial processes?

<p>The development of facial processes begins at the 4th week of embryonic development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary sensory nerve supply to the mandible?

<p>Mandibular nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Supraorbital nerve

Nerve supplying skin & conjunctiva of central upper eyelid and forehead.

Buccal nerve

Nerve providing sensation to a small area of skin over the cheek.

Zygomaticofacial nerve

Nerve supplying skin over the prominence of the cheek.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Condition causing sudden, excruciating pain in areas supplied by CN V2 & V3.

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Mandibular nerve CN V3

Branch of the trigeminal nerve providing sensory & motor functions to the lower face.

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Pharyngeal Arches

Structures that develop into face and neck muscles and skeleton.

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1st Pharyngeal Arch

Gives rise to the mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic bones.

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Muscles from 1st Arch

Includes mastication muscles like mylohyoid and anterior digastric.

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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

Main sensory nerve of the face with three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.

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Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)

Supplies sensory innervation to the frontonasal process.

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Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)

Provides sensory innervation to the maxillary process.

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Superficial Fascia

Layer that encloses facial expression muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.

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Arterial supply of the face

Blood supply to the face primarily from the external and internal carotid arteries.

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Facial artery

Branch of the external carotid artery, supplying blood to the face.

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Venous drainage of the face

Venous blood from the face accompanies arterial supply and drains into major veins like the IJV.

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Danger area of the face

Area where facial infections may spread to the cavernous sinus, risking serious complications.

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Lymphatic drainage

Lymph from the face drains to submandibular and deep cervical nodes, with few lymph nodes in the face itself.

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Facial Muscles

Muscles responsible for facial expression, embedded in superficial fascia, arise from skull and insert into skin.

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Functions of Facial Muscles

Act as sphincter and dilator for facial orifices and modify facial expressions.

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Orbicularis Oculi

Muscle surrounding the eye that helps close it.

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Buccinator

Muscle of the cheek that aids in chewing and puffing out cheeks.

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Innervation of Facial Muscles

Motor innervation by the facial nerve (CN VII) and proprioceptive impulses by the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

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Bell's Palsy

Condition causing facial muscle paralysis due to injury of the facial nerve, affecting one side.

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Muscles of Mastication

Muscles involved in chewing, originating from the 1st pharyngeal arch (e.g., masseter, temporalis).

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Trigeminal Nerve

Nerve responsible for proprioceptive impulses from facial muscles, primarily CN V.

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Facial Nerve Anatomy

Facial nerve (CN VII) branches provide motor function to facial muscles; includes terminal branches that innervate specific regions.

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Muscles of Eyelids

Orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae; control blinking and eye closure.

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Study Notes

Face Development

  • Face development begins with the fronto-nasal process and pharyngeal arches
  • Arches 1-6 develop during weeks 4-5
  • These arches give rise to muscles and skeletal structures
  • The first arch develops into the mandible, maxilla, part of the temporal bone, incus and malleus
  • The second arch gives rise to stapes and the styloid process
  • The third arch contributes to the lesser horn and upper body of the hyoid bone
  • Further development is influenced by various processes and structures

Face Anatomy

  • Skin: Contains sweat and sebaceous glands (acne and cysts are possible)

  • Thin skin is found on eyelids and around the eyes

  • Fascia:

    • Superficial fascia encases muscles of facial expression, blood vessels, and nerves
    • Deep fascia is only found around the parotid gland

  • Sensory Nerves:

    • Trigeminal nerve (CN V) branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular) supply sensory innervation to face regions (frontonasal, maxillary, mandibular processes).
    • The great auricular nerve (C2, C3) supplies the angle of the mandible and parotid gland

  • Muscles of Facial Expression:

    • Embedded in superficial fascia
    • Originate from skull bones and insert into skin
    • Function to create facial expressions (sphincters and dilators for eye, nose, mouth)

  • Muscles of Mastication:

    • Origin: developed from the first pharyngeal arch
    • Muscles: Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral, Medial Pterygoid
    • Motor innervation: Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

  • Arterial Supply:

    • External carotid artery (ECA): supplies facial artery, transverse facial artery, maxillary artery
    • Internal carotid artery (ICA): supplies supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

  • Venous Drainage:

    • Veins that accompany the arteries
    • Superficial temporal and maxillary veins drain into the retromandibular vein
    • Deeper facial veins join to form common facial veins that drain into the internal jugular vein.

  • Lymphatic Drainage:

    • No lymph nodes are present on the surface of the face
    • Lymph from the parotid and buccal regions drains to the submandibular, submental, and deep cervical lymph nodes

  • Lesions of Trigeminal Nerve:

    • Widespread anesthesia (numbness) on the anterior half of the scalp, face (without mandible angle) and mucous membranes of nose, mouth and tongue anterior part
    • Paralysis of muscles of mastication

  • Trigeminal Neuralgia

    • Sudden excruciating pain in the distribution of CN V2 and V3
    • Causes: vascular abnormalities, tumors, or demyelination (multiple sclerosis), injury or infection

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